Inductive charging

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Magne Charge wall, handheld, and floor mount
Inductive charging charges electrical batteries using electromagnetic induction. A charging station sends energy through inductive coupling to an electrical device, which stores the energy in the batteries. Because there is a small gap between the two coils, inductive charging is one kind of short-distance wireless energy transfer.
The other kind of charging, direct wired contact (also known as conductive charging or direct coupling) requires direct electrical contact between the batteries and the charger. Conductive charging is normally achieved by moving batteries from a device to charger, or connecting a device to a power source with plug-in wires.
Induction chargers typically use an induction coil to create an alternating electromagnetic field from within a charging base station, and a second induction coil in the portable device takes power from the electromagnetic field and converts it back into electrical current to charge the battery. The two induction coils in proximity combine to form an electrical transformer.[1][2]
Contents
1 Advantages and disadvantages
2 Examples
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
//
Advantages and disadvantages
The major advantage of the inductive approach over conductive charging is that there is no possibility of electrocution as there are no exposed conductors.
Prior technoligies for inductive charging have used lower frequencies and older drive technologies and generally charge slowly and generate heat for most portable electronics,[citation needed] though the technology is used in some electric toothbrushes and wet/dry electric shavers, partly for the advantage that the battery contacts can be completely sealed to prevent exposure to water.[1][2]
Newer approaches with ultra thin coils, higher frequencies and optimized drive electronics provide chargers and receivers that are compact, efficient[citation needed] and can be integrated into mobile devices or batteries with minimal change.[3]. These technologies provide charging time that are the same as wired approaches and are finding their way into mobile devices rapidly.
Examples
In November of 2008, Mojo Mobility Inc. [4] announced their high efficiency, compact modules for wireless charging of mobile devices.
At CES in January of 2009, Palm, Inc. announced their new Pre smartphone would be available with an inductive charger. [5]
The electric toothbrush battery charger
Transcutaneous energy transfer (TET) systems in artificial hearts and other surgically implanted devices.
Devices using induction to charge portable consumer electronics such as cell phones.[6][7]
General Motors' (GM) discontinued EV-1 electric car was charged with an inductive charging paddle, which was inserted into a receptacle on the vehicle. GM and Toyota agreed on a standard inductive charging interface, called Magne Charge, though GM was to abandon its support in 2002 when the California Air Resources Board settled on a conductive charging interface for electric vehicles in California.[8]
In 2006, researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology reported that they had discovered an efficient way to transfer power between coils separated by a few meters. The team, led by Marin Solja?i?, theorized that they could extend the distance between the coils by adding resonance to the equation. The MIT wireless power project, called WiTricity, uses a curved coil and capacitive plates.[9][10]
See also
Charging station
References
^ a b "How can an electric toothbrush recharge its batteries when there are no metal contacts between the toothbrush and the base?" (Commercial website). HowStuffWorks, Inc., via howstuffworks.com. Retrieved on 2007-08-23.
^ a b USpatent6972543 "Series resonant inductive charging circuit"
^ "Non-contact Charging System Simultaneously Charges Multiple Mobile Devices"
^ "Mojo Mobility Inc."
^ Engadget
^ SplashPower; Battery powered devices can be charged by placing them on an induction mat.
^ eCoupled unveiled their own take on inductive coupling, which will soon be used on [http://www.hermanmiller.com "Herman Miller" desks to recharge devices wirelessly]
^ "GM Pulls the Plug on Inductive Charging: Letter from General Motors Advanced Technology Vehicles." (Website). EV1 Club. (Letter dated) 2002-03-15. Retrieved on 2007-08-23.
^ Hadley, Franklin. [http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2007/wireless-0607.html "Goodbye wires: MIT team experimentally demonstrates wireless power transfer, potentially useful for powering laptops, cell phones without cords."] MIT News, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, via mit.edu, 2007-06-07. Retrieved on 2007-08-23.
^ Castelvecchi, Davide. "Wireless energy may power electronics: Dead cell phone...(and so on)

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Colossus computer

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A Colossus Mark 2 computer. The slanted control panel on the left was used to set the pin patterns on the Lorenz; the paper tape transport is on the right.
The Colossus machines were electronic computing devices used by British codebreakers to read encrypted German messages during World War II. These were the world's first programmable, digital, electronic, computing devices. They used vacuum tubes (thermionic valves) to perform the calculations.
Colossus was designed by engineer Tommy Flowers with input from Allen Coombs, Sid Broadhurst and Bill Chandler at the Post Office Research Station, Dollis Hill to solve a problem posed by mathematician Max Newman at Bletchley Park. The prototype, Colossus Mark 1, was shown to be working in December 1943 and was operational at Bletchley Park by February 1944. An improved Colossus Mark 2 first worked on 1 June 1944, just in time for the Normandy Landings. Ten Colossi were in use by the end of the war.
The Colossus computers were used to help decipher teleprinter messages which had been encrypted using the Lorenz SZ40/42 machine妗瀝itish codebreakers referred to encrypted German teleprinter traffic as "Fish" and called the SZ40/42 machine and its traffic "Tunny". Colossus compared two data streams, counting each match based on a programmable Boolean function. The encrypted message was read at high speed from a paper tape. The other stream was generated internally, and was an electronic simulation of the Lorenz machine at various trial settings. If the match count for a setting was above a certain threshold, it would be sent as output to an electric typewriter.
In spite of the destruction of the Colossus hardware and blueprints as part of the effort to maintain a project secrecy that was kept up into the 1970s姊� secrecy that deprived some of the Colossus creators of credit for their pioneering advancements in electronic digital computing during their lifetimes姊� functional replica of a Colossus computer was completed in 2007.
Contents
1 Purpose and origins
2 The construction of Colossus
3 Design and operation
4 Influence and fate
5 Reconstruction
6 See also
7 Footnotes
8 References
9 Further reading
10 Other meanings
11 External links
//
Purpose and origins

The Lorenz machine was used by the Germans to encrypt high-level teleprinter communications. It contained 12 wheels with a total of 501 pins.
The Colossus computers were used in the cryptanalysis of high-level German communications, messages which had been encrypted using the Lorenz SZ 40/42 cipher machine; part of the operation of Colossus was to emulate the mechanical Lorenz machine electronically. To encrypt a message with the Lorenz machine, the plaintext was combined with a stream of key bits, grouped in fives. The keystream was generated using twelve pinwheels: five were termed (by the British) ("chi") wheels, another five ("psi") wheels, and the remaining two the "motor wheels". The wheels stepped regularly with each letter that was encrypted, while the wheels stepped irregularly, controlled by the motor wheels.
Bill Tutte, a cryptanalyst at Bletchley Park, discovered that the keystream produced by the machine exhibited statistical biases deviating from random, and that these biases could be used to break the cipher and read messages. In order to read messages, there were two tasks that needed to be performed. The first task was wheel breaking, which was discovering the pin patterns for all the wheels. These patterns were set up once on the Lorenz machine and then used for a fixed period of time and for a number of different messages. The second task was wheel setting, which could be attempted once the pin patterns were known. Each message encrypted using Lorenz was enciphered at a different start position for the wheels. The process of wheel setting found the start position for a message. Initially Colossus was used to help with wheel setting, but later it was found it could also be adapted to the process of wheel breaking as well.
Colossus was developed for the Newmanry, the section at Bletchley Park responsible for machine methods against the Lorenz machine, headed by the mathematician Max Newman. It arose out of a prior project which produced a special purpose opto-mechanical comparator and counting machine called "Heath Robinson".
The main problems with the Heath Robinson were the relative slowness of electro-mechanical relays and the difficulty of synchronising two paper tapes, one punched with the enciphered message, the other representing the patterns produced by the wheels of the Lorenz machine. The tapes tended to stretch when being read at some 2000 characters per second, resulting in unreliable counts. Tommy Flowers of the Post Office Research Station at Dollis Hill was called in to look into the design of the...(and so on)

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Roger E. Billings

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Roger Billings
Dr. Roger E. Billings
Born
1948Provo, Utah
Nationality
American
Fields
Computer NetworkingHydrogen Energy
Knownfor
Early hydrogen ICE and fuel cell conversions, client/server networking, Acellus Learning
Religious stance
Christian
Roger Evan Billings (born 1948) is an American businessman, "inventioneer" and developer of high-tech products. Billings is best known for his pioneering work in the computer industry. He is also widely regarded as a developer of hydrogen energy technologies.
Billings is the author of two books on hydrogen energy technology, Hydrogen from Coal: A Cost Estimation Guidebook (1983) and Hydrogen World View (1991). He also co-wrote a technical book, WideBand Networking (2000) and authored numerous technical papers on computer networking.
Contents
1 Hydrogen Energy
2 Computer Networking
3 Ventures
4 Education
5 References
6 External sources
//
Hydrogen Energy
Billings' involvement in hydrogen energy began when he converted a car to run on hydrogen in 1965 as a high school student, which won him a Gold and Silver award at the International Science Fair and a scholarship to Brigham Young University. Billings generated interest in hydrogen technology by demonstrating a number of working prototypes, including cars, buses, forklifts, tractors, and a hydrogen-powered home.
Billings enrolled as a student at Brigham Young University (BYU) in the fall of 1966. As an undergraduate, he received a research grant from the Ford Motor Company and his own lab to continue his studies of the hydrogen-fueled automobile. In the summer of 1972, Billings headed a team from Brigham Young University that won first prize for low emissions at the Urban Vehicle Design Competition held at the General Motors Proving Grounds in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Their winning entry was a hydrogen powered Volkswagen.
Between 1966 and 1982, Billings successfully converted 18 vehicles of various types to run on hydrogen. After the initial family car-sized vehicles, Billings turned to larger means of transportation. Billings hydrogen powered buses converted to hydrogen first in 1976 and running in Provo, Utah, then in Riverside, California were successful demonstrations of hydrogen as a fuel for mass transit vehicles. The Postal Jeep project in 1977 demonstrated the potential use of hydrogen as a practical and advantageous fuel for fleet vehicles.
In 1975, Billings and his team built the 鎻寉drogen Homestead prototype, a home which included hydrogen-run heat pump, water heater, oven, range, fireplace log, outdoor grill, a car and tractor. The Homestead project resulted in the development of some innovative hydrogen applications and demonstrated that hydrogen was compatible with existing home appliances. Originally part of the Hydrogen Homestead Project, the hydrogen-fueled Cadillac Seville, featured a dual-fuel system, hydrogen and gasoline, which could be switched back and forth. This made the vehicle practical for everyday use at a time when hydrogen availability was not abundant. Its improved metal hydride storage system operated at a lower temperature than previous units, allowing a cost saving on construction material. The Cadillac was featured in the 1977 inaugural parade for President Jimmy Carter.
In 1991, his doctoral research project at the International Academy of Science resulted in the first automobile to be powered by a hydrogen fuel cell. The vehicle converts hydrogen into water and electricity and is more efficient than the internal combustion vehicles Billings had converted during his earlier years. The improved efficiency of the fuel cell made the commercial application of hydrogen cars more feasible.
Billings demonstrated a next-level innovation in the practical development of hydrogen as a fuel for transportation -- the hydrogen fuel cell car. The Philadelphia unveiling of the fuel cell car LaserCel 1 is the first reported functional fuel cell application in a small transportation vehicle.
Billings was touted in the press for his contributions in developing hydrogen energy. The Enterprise business journal called Billings 鎻焗e Father of Hydrogen Technology. (Bentley, 1975) An Omni Magazine report on his work in 1982 dubbed him 鎻焗e Hydrogen Man (Rose, 1982), and an article in the July 21, 2003 issue of Time Magazine referred to him as "Dr. Hydrogen". (Barlett, Steele 2003).
Computer Networking
Billings has been involved in the development and launch of a number of computer technologies and products.
He was one of the first to manufacture a Personal Computer, and in 1978 designed one with the CPU, keyboard, and display all in one cabinet (the 鎻僫llings Micro Computer). He started a company which was instrumental in developing the "double-sided floppy drive". He launched the Billings Word...(and so on)

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Sheet metal

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Sheets of stainless steel cover the Chrysler Building
Sheet metal is simply metal formed into thin and flat pieces. It is one of the fundamental forms used in metalworking, and can be cut and bent into a variety of different shapes. Countless everyday objects are constructed of the material. Thicknesses can vary significantly, although extremely thin thicknesses are considered foil or leaf, and pieces thicker than 6 mm (0.25 in) are considered plate.
Sheet metal is available as flat pieces or as a coiled strip. The coils are formed by running a continuous sheet of metal through a roll slitter.
The thickness of the sheet metal is called its gauge. The gauge of sheet metal ranges from 30 gauge to about 8 gauge. The higher the gauge, the thinner the metal is.
There are many different metals that can be made into sheet metal, such as: Aluminum, brass, copper, steel, tin, nickel and titanium. For decorative uses, important sheet metals include silver, gold, and platinum.
Sheet metal has applications in car bodies, airplane wings, medical tables, roofs for building and many other things. Historically, an important use of sheet metal was in plate armor worn by cavalry, and sheet metal continues to have many decorative uses, including in horse tack.
Contents
1 Gauge
2 Forming processes
2.1 Deep drawing
2.2 Cutting
2.3 Spinning
2.4 Press brake forming
2.5 Roll forming
2.6 Rolling
2.7 Stamping
2.8 Bending
2.9 Ironing
2.10 Wheeling
2.11 Incremental sheet forming
3 See also
4 References
4.1 Notes
4.2 Bibliography
5 External links
//
Gauge
The sheet metal gauge (sometimes spelled "gage") indicates the standard thickness of sheet metal for a specific material. As the gauge number increases, the material thickness decreases.
Sheet metal thickness gauges for steel are based on the weight of steel, allowing more efficient calculation of the cost of material used. The weight of steel is 41.82 pounds per square foot per inch of thickness; this is known as the Manufacturers' Standard Gage for Sheet Steel.[1] For other materials, such as aluminum and brass, the thicknesses will be different.
Standard sheet metal gauges
Gauge
Steel[2]
Galvanized steel
Stainless steel
Aluminum
Zinc[2]
3
0.2391 (6.0731)
-
-
-
0.006
4
0.2242 (5.6947)
-
-
-
0.008
5
0.2092 (5.3137)
-
-
-
0.010
6
0.1943 (4.9352)
-
-
-
0.012
7
0.1793 (4.5542)
-
0.1875
0.1443
0.014
8
0.1644 (4.1758)
0.1681
0.1719
0.1285
0.016
9
0.1495 (3.7973)
0.1532
0.1563
0.1144
0.018
10
0.1345 (3.4163)
0.1382
0.1406
0.1019
0.020
11
0.1196 (3.0378)
0.1233
0.1250
0.0907
0.024
12
0.1046 (2.6568)
0.1084
0.1094
0.0808
0.028
13
0.0897 (2.2784)
0.0934
0.094
0.072
0.032
14
0.0747 (1.8974)
0.0785
0.0781
0.0641
0.036
15
0.0673 (1.7094)
0.0710
0.07
0.057
0.040
16
0.0598 (1.5189)
0.0635
0.0625
0.0508
0.045
17
0.0538 (1.3665)
0.0575
0.056
0.045
0.050
18
0.0478 (1.2141)
0.0516
0.0500
0.0403
0.055
19
0.0418 (1.0617)
0.0456
0.044
0.036
0.060
20
0.0359 (0.9119)
0.0396
0.0375
0.0320
0.070
21
0.0329 (0.8357)
0.0366
0.034
0.028
0.080
22
0.0299 (0.7595)
0.0336
0.031
0.025
0.090
23
0.0269 (0.6833)
0.0306
0.028
0.023
0.100
24
0.0239 (0.6071)
0.0276
0.025
0.02
0.125
25
0.0209 (0.5309)
0.0247
0.022
0.018
-
26
0.0179 (0.4547)
0.0217
0.019
0.017
-
27
0.0164 (0.4166)
0.0202
0.017
0.014
-
28
0.0149 (0.3785)
0.0187
0.016
0.0126
-
29
0.0135 (0.3429)
0.0172
0.014
0.0113
-
30
0.0120 (0.3048)
0.0157
0.013
0.0100
-
31
0.0105 (0.2667)
0.0142
0.011
0.0089
-
32
0.0097 (0.2464)
-
-
-
-
33
0.0090 (0.2286)
-
-
-
-
34
0.0082 (0.2083)
-
-
-
-
35
0.0075 (0.1905)
-
-
-
-
36
0.0067 (0.1702)
-
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Calicut International Airport

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Calicut International AirportKozhikode International Airport?????????? ???????????? ????????????Karipur Airport
IATA: CCJ ICAO: VOCL
Summary
Airport type
Public
Operator
Airports Authority of India
Location
Kozhikode, India
ElevationAMSL
342 ft / 104 m
Coordinates
1108?13?N 07557?19?E? / ?11.13694鐧� 75.95528鐧�? / 11.13694; 75.95528
Website
aai.aero/allAirports/...
Runways
Direction
Length
Surface
ft
m
10/28
9,383
2,860
Asphalt
Calicut International Airport (IATA: CCJ,ICAO: VOCL), also known as Karipur Airport, is located at Karipur in the Malappuram district, near Kozhikode (Calicut), Kerala, India.
The airport is located 26km (16mi) from the Calicut Railway Station and 27km (17mi) from the town of Manjeri, with the closest railway station being at Feroke. It is the 12th busiest airport in India in terms of passenger traffic and 11th in cargo handling.[1]
Calicut Airport is one of the three international airports located in Kerala. Calicut airport was given the status of international airport on February 2, 2006, thereby paving the way for the improvement of the infrastructure there for handling international flights.[2][3]
The airport was sanctioned after a long period of struggle which began in 1977 under the leadership of freedom fighter K. P. Kesava Menon. Funds were collected from Gulf Malayalis for its development in the 1990s when the Union Government said it did not have funds. To raise the funds needed for airport development, the Malabar International Airport Development Society was formed. Later major developments of facilities, such as extension of runway from 6,000ft (1,800m) to 9,000ft (2,700m) to facilitate operation of wide-body aircraft were carried out with loans from the Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO). A user fee was also introduced to pay back the loans.
Since then, facilities at the airport have been greatly increased by the Airports Authority of India. There has also been a steady increase in the volume of passenger traffic from the airport.
Contents
1 Recent renovation, upgrades and expansion
2 Lead-in lighting system
3 Airlines and destinations
3.1 Domestic
3.2 International
4 References
5 External links
//
Recent renovation, upgrades and expansion
Due to the recent billion-rupee upgrade of existing facilities, the infrastructure at Kozhikode International Airport has received foreign airlines.
An inline baggage system, the first of its kind in India that will do away with the separate X-raying of baggage, is being installed.[4] Several airlines have sought night parking facility at the airport, which has presently 10 parking bays. Permitting night parking at the airport will greatly improve air connectivity. Airports Authority of India (AAI) will provide three aerobridges (plus options for two more) at the airport which will help passengers directly enter the terminal while alighting from an aircraft. A 15,000m2 (160,000sqft) international arrival terminal has been opened to passengers, similar to the spacious modern international departure terminal that became operational on May 14, 2007. Three user-friendly conveyor belts are installed at the arrival terminal and 800 stainless steel chairs for passengers in the security-hold area. Escalators and elevators are also installed inside and outside the terminal building. Facilities for the passengers and visitors like fast-food counters, luggage room, jewellery shop, handicraft stall, traffic direction poles, restaurant, and cyber caf are also opened at the airport.
The plush and practical interiors and convenient facilities, including leather sleeperettes for transit passengers, has definitely brought the airport to international standards; a great improvement from the stuffy and cramped area it once was.[5]
Domestic carrier Jet Airways has being granted permission to operate some international routes, Doha and Muscat. The airline has started its operation from Calicut International Airport from 23 January 2008. It is expected that Deccan will soon follow the path of Jet Airways in August 2008 when it will have completed five years of flying experience to be eligible for international routes.
Lead-in lighting system
The approach to Kozhikode airport runway is surrounded with hills and valleys. The approach funnel area of the runway 28 is a 30m (98ft) to 70m (230ft) deep undulated valley up to a distance of 6,000m (20,000ft), immediately following the tabletop runway of 2,860m (9,400ft) long. This terrain needs a special type of Approach guidance lighting system to enhance safety for aircraft operations both during night and poor visibility conditions. Airports Authority of India have provided runway lead-in lighting system for...(and so on)

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Toyota Vios

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Toyota Vios
Manufacturer
Toyota Motor Company
Production
2003鏉檙esent
Predecessor
Toyota Soluna
Class
Subcompact car
Body style(s)
4-door sedan
Related
Toyota Platz/Echo (20032007)Toyota Belta/Yaris (2007)
The Toyota Vios is a 4-door subcompact sedan developed for the South East Asia and China markets.
Introduced in 2003, the Vios serves as a replacement of the Toyota Soluna which filled the Asian subcompact market for a 1.5 litre, below the Toyota Corolla and Toyota Camry, both of which are also marketed in the region. The Vios is marketed alongside the Toyota Yaris in most countries in South East Asia, which offered another option for a hatchback, when it officially entered the region's market in 2005. In the United States, the second generation Vios is known as the Toyota Belta or the Toyota Yaris hatchback.
Contents
1 First generation (20032007)
1.1 Vios Turbo
1.2 Technical data
2 Second generation (2007鏉檙esent)
2.1 In Singapore
2.2 In Thailand
2.3 In the Philippines
2.4 In Indonesia
2.5 In Malaysia
2.5.1 Grades
2.6 In Mainland China
2.6.1 Grades
2.7 Technical data
3 References
4 External links
//
First generation (20032007)
First generation
Production
2003-2007
Body style(s)
4-door sedan
Layout
FF layout
Engine(s)
1.3, 1.5 liter (1 NZ-FE)
The first generation Vios was assembled at Thailand's 1 million square metre Toyota Gateway Plant in Gateway City, Amphoe Plaeng Yao, Chachoengsao Province, as part of a cooperative project between Thai engineers and Toyota's Japanese designers.
The Vios in Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei, and Malaysia, and Taiwan is powered by 1.5 liter 1NZ-FE engine with VVT-i. The smaller 1.3 liter 2NZ-FE engine is offered in the Philippines. In China, the Vios comes with an 8A-FE engine. Trim levels for Southeast Asia include J, E, S, and G, while the DLX, GL, GLX, and GLXi are offered in China.
The first generation Vios was adapted from the Toyota Platz with modified body panels, which created a significantly different appearance, although portions of the car feature design cues from the E120 Corolla[citation needed]. In late 2005, the Vios received minor cosmetic changes for the 2006 model year. The front bumper, grille, headlights, and tail lights were freshened; also new were the wheels and interior trim.
In other uses, the first generation Vios is adopted as a racing vehicle in Touring Car Championships in Indonesia and Thailand. The car is also in use as taxicabs in Indonesia but features lesser equipment and is specially rebadged as the Toyota Limo. This is not to be confused with certain taxis with the same name in Thailand, which uses Toyota Corollas.
The Vios in the Philippines has 3 grades: the base 1.3 J with a l4 2NZ-FE engine, VVT-i, 13" steel wheels and a central instrumental digital display. It is mated to a 5-speed manual transmission. The 1.3 E is the same as the J grade, only that it had different wheels, which is a 15" alloy 5-spoke wheel. The 1.5 G is the top-of-the-line segment, either mated to a 4-speed automatic transmission or 5-speed manual transmission, and the same wheel as to that of the E variant. The only difference of the 2003 Vios to the 2007 is their air dams and their fog lamp casing.
Vios Turbo
A "Turbo" variant of the first generation Vios was made available in Thailand only, boasting a turbocharged 1.5 liter engine with an air-to-air intercooler that produces 143 PS with light boost. Standard on the Vios Turbo are a functional scoop on its hood, wrap-around body kits, stiffer springs, firmer shock-absorbers and 16" alloys. The transmission ratio & differential ratio were based on that of a Toyota MR-S.
Technical data
DIMENSIONS & WEIGHT
Overall length (mm)
4285
Overall width (mm)
1695
Overall height (mm)
1435
Wheelbase (mm)
2500
Tread (mm) Front x Rear
1455 x 1430
Min. ground clearance (mm)
143
Weight (curb min.) (kg)
990 ~ 1040
Weight (gross)(kg)
1480
Trunk space VDA (Litres)
400
Minimum turning radius (m)
4.9
ENGINE
1NZ-FE
Engine Type
Inline 4-cylinder DOHC VVT-i 16V
Bore x Stroke (mm)
75.0 x 84.7
Displacement (cc)
1,497
Compression ratio
10.5: 1
Max. output (kW (PS) / rpm)
80 (109) / 6000
Max. torque (N-m (kg-m) / rpm)
142 (14.5) / 4200
Fuel supply system
EFI (Electronic Fuel Injection)
Fuel tank capacity (Litres)
45
CHASSIS & SUSPENSION
Suspension - Front
McPherson strut with stabilizer
Suspension - Rear
Torsion beam with stabilizer
...(and so on)

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Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor

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For the standard version, see Ford Crown Victoria.
Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor
Manufacturer
Ford Motor Company
Also called
Ford Crown Victoria P71
Production
1992鏈爎esent
Assembly
St. Thomas, Ontario, Canada
Class
Full-size
Body style(s)
4-door sedan
Layout
FR layout
Platform
Panther
First generation
Production
19921997
Engine(s)
4.6L Modular V8
Transmission(s)
4-speed automatic
Wheelbase
114.4in (2906mm)
Length
1992-94: 212.4in (5395mm)1995-97: 212.0in (5385mm)
Width
77.8in (1976mm)
Height
1992-94: 56.7in (1440mm)1995-97: 56.8in (1443mm)
Fuel capacity
20USgal (76L; 17imp gal)
Related
Mercury Grand MarquisLincoln Town Car
Second generation
Production
1998鏈爎esent
Engine(s)
4.6 L Modular V8
Transmission(s)
4-speed automatic4R70W
Wheelbase
114.7in (2913mm)
Length
212.0in (5385mm)
Width
2007 77.3in (1963mm)1998-2006: 78.2in (1986mm)
Height
1998-2003, 2007-present: 56.8in (1443mm)2002-04: 58.3in (1481mm)
Fuel capacity
19USgal (72L; 16imp gal)
Related
Mercury Grand MarquisMercury MarauderLincoln Town Car
The Crown Victoria Police Interceptor (often referred to simply as CVPI or P71) is the law enforcement version of the Ford Crown Victoria. It is one of the most widely-used automobiles in law enforcement departments of the United States and Canada.
Contents
1 History
2 Design
3 Comparison with the Crown Victoria
3.1 Engine and drive train
3.2 Body and chassis
3.3 Interior
4 Identification
5 Problems and criticism
6 Future
7 Gallery
8 References
9 See also
10 External links
//
History
Though the name has been officially in use since 1992, the 19781991 full-size LTDs and LTD Crown Victorias and 1992 updated body style used the "P72" production code designation for both fleet/taxi and police models. From 19931998, the police car models of Crown Victorias were officially known as Crown Victoria P71s. The current generation of the car was introduced in 1998.
Due to the workhorse nature of the vehicle, is also used by many taxi companies. Since Chevrolet dropped the rear-drive Caprice, Ford has had a near-monopoly on the market for police cruisers because of a preference for its conventional rear-wheel drive, V8 power, and body-on-frame construction, all suitable for police driving techniques. As one of the few remaining passenger cars with body-on-frame, it is rugged, and enables inexpensive repairs after minor accidents without the need to straighten the chassis - an important benefit for a car frequently used by police forces for PIT maneuvers (ramming a car to spin it out) - making it preferable to unibody vehicles.
Although the Police Interceptor is not sold to the general public, these cars are widely available on the used car market in the US and Canada once they are no longer needed for law enforcement or fleet duty. When these cars are built they come equipped with a heavy duty transmission, heavy duty brakes,and a 250hp (190kW) engine. Used Police Interceptors are normally stripped of any police decals, radio and computer equipment and emergency lights by law enforcement agencies before being sold or auctioned.
Design
The 1998 model year was an upgrade in body styling over the previous 19921997 "aero" Crown Victorias. Critics weren't fond of the 1992's solid grille insert (with the blue "Ford" oval) front-end. In the 1993 model year, the Crown Victoria was given a chrome front grille and a reflector strip between the taillights. Another minor restyle followed suit in 1995, with a new grille and taillights. To accommodate the design of the 1995's new taillights, the rear license plate was moved from the bumper to the trunklid, fitted between the taillights. The 1998 police package P71 had a chrome grille, chrome door handle trim, chrome bumper strips and a chrome-trimmed flat black rear fascia with the "Crown Victoria" badge.
The changes made in 1999 included a new "Police Interceptor" insignia on the rear fascia, a chrome-trimmed gloss black rear fascia, black door handle trim, black bumper strips and a gloss black slatted grille.
Midway through 1999 the tail lights were also changed. 1998 and early 1999 models had a separate amber turn signal along the bottom edge of each tail light housing. Starting in mid 1999 the extra bulbs were eliminated and the turn signals returned to the combination stop/turn circuits with red lenses found in many North American cars. Interestingly, although the lenses changed the housings didn't - they still had the chambers for the separate turn signals that early models had....(and so on)

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