China Product
History
The flintlock was developed in France in the early 1600s. Though its exact origins are not known, credit for the development of the flintlock is usually given to Marin le Bourgeoys, an artist, gunsmith, luthier (maker of stringed musical instruments) and inventor from Normandy, France. Marin le Bourgeoys's basic design became the standard for flintlocks and quickly replaced older firing mechanisms throughout Europe. Flintlock weapons based on this design were used for over two centuries, until they were finally replaced by percussion locks in the 1840s and 1850s.
Construction and operation electric turkey fryer
A "flash in the pan": gunpowder in the "pan" ignites, but fails to ignite the main powder charge in the barrel. microwave egg cooker
A typical flintlock mechanism has a piece of flint which is held in place in between a set of jaws on the end of a short hammer. This hammer (sometimes called the cock) is pulled back into the "cocked" position. When released by the trigger, the spring loaded hammer moves forward, causing the flint to strike a piece of steel called the "frizzen". At the same time, the motion of the flint and hammer pushes the frizzen back, which opens the cover to the pan, which contains the gunpowder. As the flint strikes the frizzen it creates a spark of hot metal, which falls into the pan and ignites the powder. Flame burns through a small hole into the barrel of the gun and ignites the main powder charge in the barrel, causing the weapon to fire. turkey fryer
Most hammers follow Marin le Bourgeoys's design, and have a "half cocked" position, which is the "safe" position since pulling the trigger from this position does not cause the gun to fire. From this position, the frizzen can be opened, and powder can be placed in the pan. Then the frizzen is closed, and the hammer is pulled back into the "full cocked" position, from which it is fired.
The phrase "don't go off half cocked" originated with these types of weapons, which were not supposed to fire from the half cocked position of the hammer.
Gunlocks
A gunlock was a flintlock mechanism that fired a cannon. They were a significant innovation in naval gunnery and were first used by the Royal Navy in 1745. Their use spread slowly as they could not be retrofitted to older guns - the French had still not generally adopted them by the time of the Battle of Trafalgar (1805).
The earlier method of firing a cannon was to apply a linstock - a wooden staff holding a length of smoldering match at the end - to the touch-hole of the gun, that was filled with loose, priming powder. This was dangerous and made accurate shooting from a moving ship impossible, as the gun had to be fired from the side, to avoid its recoil, and there was a noticeable delay between the application of the linstock and the gun firing.
The gunlock was operated by pulling a cord, or lanyard. The gun-captain could stand behind the gun, safely beyond its range of recoil, and sight along the gun, firing when the roll of the ship lined the gun up with the enemy and so avoid the chance of the shot hitting the sea or flying high over the enemy's deck. Loading the gun was faster and safer as the gunlock didn't use loose, priming powder, the main charge was ignited by a quill filled with priming powder that was pushed through the touch hole during loading and pierced the cartridge bag, containing the main charge of gunpowder.
After the introduction of gunlocks, linstocks were retained, but only as a backup means of firing.
Other uses
Some early land mines, or fougasses, were detonated by flintlocks. Flintlocks were also used to launch Congreve rockets .
A flintlock tinder lighter, or tinder pistol, was a device that saw use in well-to-do households from the 18th Century until the invention of reliable matches. It somewhat resembled a small flintlock pistol, but without a barrel and with a candle holder and with legs so it could be stood upright. When the trigger was pulled, the sparks from the fizzen lit dry tinder in the pan, from which the candle would be quickly lit. The device provided a quick and reliable source of light, and flame for the lighting of fires.
References
^ "Pistols: An Illustrated History of Their Impact" By Jeff Kinard, Published by ABC-CLIO, 2004
^ a b c Rodger, Nicholas (2004). The Command of the Ocean:A Naval History of Britain 1649-1815. Penguin Books. p. 420. ISBN 0140288961.
^ British Rockets
^ "Marischal Virtual Museum". http://www.abdn.ac.uk/virtualmuseum/index.php?page=object_detail&prefix=ABDUA&num=18789&firstview=true&mt=&sign=&viewnumber=&resultsperpage=9. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
Categories: Firearm actionsHidden categories: Articles to be merged from May 2009 | All articles to be merged
Thursday, April 22, 2010
Flintlock mechanism
Enbridge
China Product
Activities
Enbridge building in Edmonton, Alberta
Enbridge operates the world's longest crude oil and liquids pipeline system, located in both Canada and USA. It owns and operates Enbridge Pipelines Inc. and a variety of affiliated pipelines in Canada, and has an approximate 12% interest in Enbridge Energy Partners, L.P. which owns the Lakehead System in the U.S. These pipeline systems have operated for over 50 years and now comprise approximately 13,500 kilometres (8,500 miles) of pipeline, delivering more than 2 million barrels (300,000 m) per day of crude oil and liquids. Enbridge is also the sponsor and manager of the Enbridge Income Fund. jacket leather bomber
Enbridge is also involved in liquids marketing and international energy projects and has a growing involvement in the natural gas transmission and midstream businesses, through the Alliance and Vector pipelines, its investment in AltaGas Services, and various U.S. assets that transport, gather, process and market natural gas and other petroleum products. floor length skirts
As a distributor of energy, Enbridge owns and operates Canada's largest natural gas distribution company, Enbridge Gas Distribution, which provides gas to industrial, commercial and residential customers in Ontario, Quebec and New York State. Enbridge distributes gas to 1.7 million customers and is developing a gas distribution network in New Brunswick. inexpensive bridesmaid dress
In September 2004, Enbridge closed a deal with Long Lake Oil Sands partners Nexen and OPTI Canada to provide an initial 60,000 barrels (10,000 m) per day of pipeline capacity. Further, the company announced it would conduct an open season for the Spearhead Pipeline project, which would offer crude oil transportation between Chicago and Cushing, Oklahoma, starting in early 2006.
In October 2008, Enbridge was named one of "Canada's Top 100 Employers" by Mediacorp Canada Inc., and was featured in Maclean's newsmagazine. Later that month, Enbridge was also named one of Alberta's Top Employers, which was announced by the Calgary Herald and the Edmonton Journal.
Spills and violations
On July 4, 2002 an Enbridge pipeline ruptured in a marsh near the town of Cohasset, Minnesota in Itasca County, spilling 6,000 barrels (~250,000 gallons) of crude oil. In an attempt to keep the oil from contaminating the Mississippi River, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources set a controlled burn that lasted for 1 day and created a smoke plume about 1 mile high and 5 miles long.
In 2006, there were 67 reportable spills totaling 5,663 barrels on Enbridge's energy and transportation and distribution system; in 2007, there were 65 reportable spills totaling 13,777 barrels
On March 18, 2006, approximately 613 barrels of crude oil were released when a pump failed at Enbridge's Willmar terminal in Saskatchewan. According to Enbridge, roughly half the oil was recovered, the remainder contributing to 'off-site' impacts.
On January 1 2007 an Enbridge pipeline that runs from Superior, Wisconsin to near Whitewater, Wisconsin cracked open and spilled ~50,000 gallons of crude oil onto farmland and into a drainage ditch. The same pipeline was struck by construction crews on February 2 2007, in Rusk County, Wisconsin, spilling ~126,000 gallons of crude. Some of the oil filled a hole more than 20 feet deep and was reported to have contaminated the local water table.
In April 2007, roughly 6,227 barrels of crude oil spilled into a field downstream of an Enbridge pumping station near Glenavon, Saskatchewan. Long-term site remediation is being attempted to bring the site to "as close as possible to its original condition".
In 2009, Enbridge Energy Partners, a US affiliate of Enbridge Inc., agreed to pay $1.1 million to settle a lawsuit brought against the company by the state of Wisconsin for 545 environmental violations. In a news release from Wisconsin's Department of Justice, Attorney General J.B. Van Hollen said "...the incidents of violation were numerous and widespread, and resulted in impacts to the streams and wetlands throughout the various watersheds." The violations were incurred while building portions of the company's Southern Access pipeline, a ~$2.1 billion project to transport crude from the oil sands region in Alberta to Chicago.
In January 2009 an Enbridge pipeline leaked about 4,000 barrels of oil southeast of Fort McMurray at the company's Cheecham Terminal tank farm. It was reported in the Edmonton Journal that most of the spilled oil was contained within berms, but that about 1% of the oil, about 40 barrels, sprayed into the air and coated nearby snow and trees.
Environmental initiatives
Enbridge recently participated in Pollution Probe's 'Clean Air Commute', where the company competed for the 'Utility Challenge Cup'.
Enbridge is producing the first multi-megawatt hybrid product, which generates ultra-clean electricity while saving energy, which is normally lost during natural gas pipeline operations. The hybrid fuel cell power plants that are involved generate electricity that is delivered to wholesale grids like large wind farms.
Corporate governance
Current members of the board of directors of Enbridge are: David Arledge, James Blanchard, J. Lorne Braithwaite, Patrick Daniel, E. Susan Evans, William Fatt, Louis Hyndman, Robert Martin, George Petty, Charles Shultz, and Donald J. Taylor.
The President & CEO of Enbridge is Patrick Daniel.
References
^ "Company Profile for Enbridge Inc (ENB)". http://zenobank.com/index.php?symbol=ENB&page=quotesearch. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
^ "Calgary Herald, "Alberta's top 40 places to work, October 18, 2008". http://www.canada.com/calgaryherald/story.html?id=02b19397-2fdf-4039-ba29-b93eaf908adb.
^ "Edmonton Journal, "Alberta's best focus on attracting, keeping staff", October 31, 2008". http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/story.html?id=5bc8514a-b0eb-4538-bab4-a63f11f51a16.
^ "Reasons for Selection, 2009 Alberta's Top Employers competition". http://www.eluta.ca/top-employer-enbridge.
^ National Transportation Safety Board Report Pipeline Accident Report
^ Enbridge Inc. 2008 Corporate Social Responsibility Report
^ Enbridge Spills and Releases
^ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel: "Oil group cleans spill in Clark County"
^ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel: "Oil spill tainted water table"
^ Enbridge Spills and Releases
^ The Canadian Press: Enbridge Energy agrees to pay $1.1 million for Wisconsin environmental violations
^ Enbridge Energy Settles Lawsuit Over Environmental Violations for $1.1 Million
^ "Enbridge still mopping up Anzac spill"
^ CNW Group
^ Greenjobs
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Slizer/Throwbots
China Product
Dual stories
Two variations of the storyline existed; American/Canadian and European, each with different names for the characters and settings. In the "Multiple Planets" Storyline, the Slizers had eight respective planets where each of the eight dwelled respectively: the fiery wasteland, the aquatic world, the overgrown jungle, the icy mountains, the industrial city, the stormy fields, and the rocky canyons. The eighth planetudge Slizer'served as the point where they dueled or disputes were settled. Each of them battled the native mutant wildlife or other threats to their planet. It is debated whether or not this story will diverge into the following "Singular Planet" storyline.
The "Singular Planet" storyline was that there were eight robots fighting a war against each other on one planet split into seven even continents/regionsith the Slizer Dome situated at the North Pole. In this storyline, some have gone to some lengths to say that there were two sides: four were "good" (Fire, Ice, City & Sub), and the other four were "evil" (Judge, Jungle, Rock & Energy). The concept of facing their respective natural threats in their zones were present, with the inclusion that each of them was trying to find an additional mineral, fuel or other item to make themselves stronger, such as: "Lava Stones" (Fire), "Air Pearls" (Sub), "Ice Crystals" (Ice), "Power Fuel" (City), "Herbal Treesap" (Jungle), "Liquid-Plasma" (Rock), and "Electric Radiation" (Energy). The last power-up for Judge is unknown; perhaps a Solar-Aura to take control over the planet. electric cement mixer
In either storyline, all the characters were evenly matched. The story reached a climax when a Meteor struck the Slizer Planet and blew apart half the planet, annihilating the Energy, Rock and Jungle Regions, and heavily damaging the Slizer Dome where the Judge Slizer resided. mortar mixer
This part of the story is never fully explained. Some believe the new Slizers were brought by the asteroid, or were unburied by the asteroid. However most believe the asteroid mutated the Jungle, Energy, Rock and Judge Slizers. concrete mixers
The 2000 Slizer story was never explained properly, which left dedicated fans with many unanswered questions. This was because the toy line was ended with the sudden release of the LEGO Technic Lego RoboRiders toyline in December 1999. Soon after, the Bionicle storyline was released.
Planet characters
The planet consists of 8 elemental protectors. Some protect their sector for good, others for evil.
Throwbot/Slizer Disk patterns.
2 lights: Carving of Throwbot/Slizer's "Element".
3 lights: Throwbot/Slizer throwing disc at viewer.
4 lights: Throwbot/Slizer's canister box flying through their homeland.
5 lights: Throwbot/Slizer using one or more of their special powers.
6 lights: Throwbot/Slizer battling major enemy.
7 and 8 lights: Throwbot/Slizer's resource of power or Throwbot/Slizer's homeland.
9 lights: Extra.
Torch the Fire Slizer and the Volcanic Sector
The Fire Slizer resides in the fiery Volcanic Sector and fights off lava monsters. The Volcanic Sector is one of the most dangerous sectors on the planet, due to 30-mile high volcanoes, lava and fire glaciers, firestorms and constant volcanic eruptions. Torch's arch enemy is the "Inferno Monster". Torch is equipped with a Vent-Hand. In the "Multiple Planets" storyline, he plays the leader of the protagonists. His design is a bit awkward, as his arms are at the top and the head and legs are on the bottom, giving him a hunched, brawling look. He is one of the four who survived the Millennium Meteor's impact. Torch collects "Lava Stones" to increase the power of his flamethrower. Also having the Element of Fire. Torch/Fire is red.Torches disks are red.
Torch/Fire's disk patterns.
2 lights: Carving of a flame, in front of a wall of fire.
3 lights: Torch/Fire throwing a disk in a lava pit.
4 lights: Red box escaping living fire-balls.
5 lights: Torch/Fire making a canal for living lava with his vent arm.
6 lights: Torch/Fire battling an Inferno monster.
7 lights: Lava Stone.
Scuba the Sub Slizer and the Ocean Sector
This Slizer resides underwater in the deep Ocean Sector. Exploding with life, fish, giant whales, and billions of other sea creatures reside here. But in the darker parts are where the sea monsters live. That is where Scuba's main enemy lives, the giant jellyfish. His secondary weapon is an energy harpoon. Scuba's design is based on a deep-sea diver, featuring a breathing apparatus and a propeller on his back. He had occupied himself with the accumulation of rare pearls before the meteor struck. Sub collects "Air Pearls" to breathe underwater. Also, having the Element of Water. Scuba/Sub is blue, but his disks are yellow
Scuba/Sub's disk patterns.
2 lights: Carving of a water droplet, in front of an underwater background.
3 lights: Scuba/Sub throwing a disk underwater.
4 lights: Blue box being chased threw an underwater canyon by three sharks.
5 lights: Scuba/Sub escaping from a whirlpool with two green tentacles sticking out.
6 lights: Scuba/Sub Fighting a large jellyfish, with tentacles wrapped around his right arm
7 lights: Air pearl with a tentacle grabbing it.
Ski the Ice Slizer and the Glacial Sector
Ski inhabits and patrols the frozen Glacial Sector between the Urban Sector and the Ocean Sector. It is completely covered in ice and snow. It is the coldest sector, and in the higher altitudes, Ski's archnemesis, the "Avalanche Monster", resides. Besides his primary disk thrower, his secondary weapon is a ski-pole, which may fire energy attacks. He concerns himself with whatever creatures lurk in the region before the Meteor impact. Ski collects "Ice Crystals" to enhance the power of his melee pole. Also having the Element of Ice. Ski/Ice is white, like his disks.
Ski/Ice's disk patterns.
2 lights: Carving of a snowflake, in front of a snowy landscape.
3 lights: Ski/Ice throwing a disk, while skiing down a slope at night.
4 lights: White box travelling within an ice cave, breaking a column.
5 lights: Ski/Ice skiing into a shark ice pit.
6 lights: Ski/Ice escaping an avalanche monster.
7 lights: Ice crystals.
Turbo the City Slizer and the Urban Sector
Turbo resides in the Urban Sector. The smaller buildings are 2000 feet high, and the larger ones are over a mile and a half tall, some reaching to space. As big as it is there are lots of criminals. But the city is so huge, many of the giant buildings don have any people in them. Instead, the people make a lot of factories, which cause green skies, polluted water, and hazardous waste. Turbo is very fast, but his archnemeses are also fast, the giant semi-trucks. Turbo's design is unique among other Slizers, for he is designed as a singlehanded car with a throwing arm on the right side of the body. He is one of the few that survived the meteor strike. In addition to slaying Mutant Vehicles, Turbo collects "Power Fuel" to increase his fantastic speed. Turbo/City is teal,like his disks.
Turbo/City's disk patterns.
2 lights: Carving of a cityscape, in front of a highway.
3 lights: Turbo/City throwing a disc, while emerging from an underground sewer.
4 lights: Teal box flying up towards the sky, after travelling beneath a bridge.
5 lights: Turbo/City jumping over a city wall, with spotlights searching behind him.
6 lights: Turbo/City escaping from a large semi-truck in a residential area.
7 lights: Power fuel canister.
Jet the Judge Slizer and The Sky Sector
This sky flyer resided at the Slizer Dome, or the Sky Sector, at the planet's pole. It resembles giant parking lots or helicopter pads, due to its gravelled, open spaces. It is also lit up with spotlights to look out for enemies in the sky. There are also metallic pyramids that stand alone in the mists and huge blue clouds in the sky. Jet has two throwing-arms instead of a secondary weapon. He is unique among other Slizers, as he is capable of flight with two wings mounted with propellers. A simple gear system flaps the wings when his head is pulled, identical to the Nui-Rama. He is the leader of the evil faction in the "Multiple Planets" storyline. He is believed to have died when the meteor blew apart most of the Slizer Dome. His only adversary (shown only in his box cover) is an energy-net formed by a metallic ring. Jet does not collect anything in particular, but in his picture shows some type of "Solar Radiation" to help him gain control of the planet. He has the Element of gases, which aids his flying power. Jet/Judge is yellow, though his disks are black.His disks can cause unconsciousness to anything they hit.
Jet/Judges's disk patterns.
2 lights: Carving of 7 arrows pointing in different directions, in front of a striped wall.
3 lights: Jet/Judge throwing two disks while in space.
4 lights: Yellow box travelling in space with at least five other box cases in the background.
5 lights: Jet/Judge firing a beam of energy at a fellow Throwbot/Slizer.
6 lights: A beam of aura shining down on the disc and around Jet/Judge, targeted at an energy net
7 lights: Solar Radiation.
Amazon the Jungle Slizer and the Jungle Sector
This Slizer resided in the rugged Jungle Sector, which contained foliage and rivers. This is the overgrown part of the world, for the trees reach over two thousand feet high. There are two worlds to this sector: the canopy world and the swamp world. The canopies of the huge trees are big enough to have roads and houses on the branches, and the swamp world is where the man-eating plants and animals are, like Amazon's main enemy, the giant carnivorous plant. Amazon's design is humanoid, but he wears a feral mask reminiscent of a jungle cat. His secondary weapon is a black katana, presumably repurposed as a jungle machete. He is believed to have died in the meteor explosion. Amazon collects "Herbal Treesap" to increase his machete attacks.He has an antenae on his hip which makes him feel what nearby plants do. Also having the Element of Flora. Amazon/Jungle is green, like his disks, which makes a target irresistible to nearby plants.
Amazon/Jungle's disk patterns.
2 lights: Carving of a leaf, in a canopy background.
3 lights: Amazon/Jungle throwing a disc while standing in a swamp.
4 lights: Green box flying through a jungle, snapping a large vine.
5 lights: Amazon/Jungle chopping down a tree while hanging from a vine.
6 lights: Amazon/Jungle battling a massive carnivorous plant.
7 lights: Energy Herbs.
Granite the Rock Slizer and the Mountain Sector
Granite resided in the Mountain Sector of the planet. This is the canyon-cut sector. Huge rock formations, earthquakes and sand storms are local here. But there is plasma everywhere, plasma clouds, plasma rivers and plasma stones. But the deeper threat is the skull rock monster. Granite's secondary weapons are his pick axes located on his shoulders which can pivot to attack. His design is that of a desert lizard. His throwing arm is unusually mounted on his back, making extremely accurate throws. He is able to fire energy bolts from his disk launcher and his pick axes. His region was blown apart by the Meteor Impact. Granite collects "Liquid Plasma" to increase his energy shields. Also having the Element of stone , Granite/Rock is tan, like his disks.
Granite/Rock's disk patterns.
2 lights: Carving of a mountain, in front of a rocky background.
3 lights: Granite/Rock throwing a disc, while standing at the edge of a cliff.
4 lights: Tan box flying through a pillar of rock.
5 lights: Granite/Rock using an energy shield to block a rockslide.
6 lights: Granite/Rock fighting a skull rock monster.
7 lights: Liquid Plasma.
Electro the Energy Slizer and the Storm Sector
He resides in the volatile Storm Sector. The constant storm covered plains has few inhabitants other than Electro. The swirling storm is too dangerous, the landscape is unknown, for the clouds are much too thick to even see the ground. Electro must fight Electric vortexes. He is the only one not to have a secondary weapon, but instead he releases electrical bursts from his body. This Slizer is also designed as a quadruped insect. He is believed to have been destroyed when his region was annihilated. Electro collects "Electric Radiation" to boost his flying speeds. Having the Element of Lightning. Electro/Energy is purple, as are his disks.
Electro/Energy's disk patterns.
2 lights: Carving of a lightning bolt, in front of electric clouds and/or plains.
3 lights: Electro/Energy throwing a disc while flying in a storm.
4 lights: Purple box escaping from a lightning monster.
5 lights: Electrical energy passing through Electro/Energy left eye.
6 lights: Electro/Energy being shocked by an electric whirlwind.
7 lights: Electric atoms.
Mutant Slizers and the Meteor
Mutant Slizer/Throwbot's disc patterns.
2 lights: A meteorite heading for a multi-colored planet.
3 lights: Spark throwing a disc while grinding on a canyon's rim.
4 lights: A meteor hitting a planet.
5 lights: Flare flying through a fiery battleground.
6 lights: Blaster, Flare and Spark rising from an asteroid.
7 lights: Blaster charging, with 2 other Blaster beings behind him.
9 lights: Millennia/Millennium throwing a disc while driving a motorcycle in a city.
The mutants disks are glow-in-the-dark, except for the last one, which is gold.
Millennia the Millennium Slizer
This Slizer is unique since he has two builds, one of them is a tiny Slizer riding a huge motorcycle while the other is a large Slizer nearly the same size as the Blaster Slizer. He appeared before the meteor impact, to fight a green fungus (Called the Millennium Bug) which was spreading across the City area. His design is a landmark in Technic characters, as his armor-plated bulk and articulated compound joints became a mainstay in larger figures.
Millennia/Millennium is black/gray.
Blaster the Blaster Slizer
This menacing Slizer is the leader of the evil robots that emerged from the meteor ruins. He resides in either the City Region or the ruins of the Slizer Dome. He wields a blast shield capable of firing bursts in his left hand and his right hand is a double throwing arm. Contrary evidence can be found on the picture of his throwing disk, which features Blaster navigating rugged terrain flanked by the similarly colored and designed Slizer. However, these companions were never released as sets and the mystery still stands. His colors are yellow and black, similar to the former Judge Slizer, making it conceivable that the Judge Slizer was fused with the Jungle Slizer.This is due to his faceplate, which is one side Judge's the other side Jungle's face, either consumed by the meteor or the Judge Slizer/Jungle Slizer reborn.
Blaster is yellow.
Flare the Flare Slizer
Flare Slizer is the strangest of all because his design is that of an amalgamation of Ice, Fire, and Energy. He has skis, (landing skids), wings and flight, (Energy Slizer) and a natural affinity for Fire (he has descended upon the Fire Region). His throwing arm balances by acting as a tail.He can launch flares from the holes in his wings.
Flare is orange.
Spark the Spark Slizer
The Spark Slizer descended upon the Fire Region in the aftermath of the meteor impact. His secondary weapon is a twin-barrelled weapon which can suck up and store energy from other slizers and doubles as a shield. Fan theories speculate that this is Energy Slizer recreated; however, there is no proof toward it, due to the storyline's improper introduction. His element is unknown, though it is possibly electric bursts(judging from the name.)
Spark is purple.
Products
8500 Torch/Fire Slizer
8501 Ski/Ice Slizer
8502 Turbo/City Slizer
8503 Scuba/Sub Slizer
8504 Jet/Judge Slizer
8505 Amazon/Jungle Slizer
8506 Granite/Rock Slizer
8507 Electro/Energy Slizer
8520 Millennium/Millennia Slizer
8521 Flare/Flare Slizer
8522 Spark/Spark Slizer
8523 Blaster/Blaster Slizer
1061 Slizers disc
8508 Supplementary discs
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Wood Bison
China Product
Morphology
The Wood Bison differs from the Plains Bison (Bison bison bison), the other surviving North American subspecies/ecotype, in a number of important ways. Most notably, the Wood Bison is heavier, with large males weighing over 900 kilograms (2,000 lb), making it the largest terrestrial animal in North America. The highest point of the Wood Bison is well ahead of its front legs, while the Plains Bison's highest point is directly above the front legs. Wood bison also have larger horn cores, a darker and woollier pelage, and less hair on their forelegs and beard.
Conservation murphy beds
Wood Bison in Wood Buffalo National Park brown leather club chair
In addition to the loss of habitat and hunting, Wood Bison populations have also been in danger of hybridizing with Plains Bison, and therefore polluting the genetic stock. folding deck table
As with other bison, the Wood Bison's population was devastated by hunting and other factors. By the early 1900s, they were regarded as extremely rare or perhaps nearly extinct. However, a herd of about 200 was discovered in Alberta, Canada in 1957. This herd has since recovered to a total population of approximately 2,500, largely as a result of conservation efforts by Canadian government agencies. In 1988, the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) changed the subspecies' conservation status from "endangered" to "threatened".
On June 17, 2008, 53 Canadian Wood Bison were transferred from Elk Island National Park in Alberta, Canada, to the Alaska Wildlife Conservation Center near Anchorage, Alaska. There they will be held in quarantine for two years, and then re-introduced to their native habitat in the Minto Flats area near Fairbanks.
Currently there are only 3,000 Wood Bison in the wild, located in the Northwest Territories, Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, and Manitoba.
Diseases
Publicly-owned free-ranging herds in Alberta, British Columbia, Yukon, and the Northwest Territories comprise 90% of existing Wood Bison, although six smaller public and private captive breeding herds with conservation objectives comprise approximately 10% of the total (n 900). These captive herds and two large isolated free-ranging herds in the Yukon and Northwest Territories all derive from disease-free and morphologically representative founding stock from northern Wood Buffalo National Park in northeastern Alberta and southern Northwest Territories. These captive herds are particularly important for conservation and recovery purposes, because the larger free-ranging herds in and around Wood Buffalo National Park were infected with bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis after 7,000 Plains Bison (Bison bison bison) were trans-shipped by barge from Buffalo National Park near Wainwright, Alberta in the 1920s.
Diseases including brucellosis and tuberculosis remain endemic in the free-ranging herds in and around Wood Buffalo National Park. The diseases represent a serious management issue for governments, various local Aboriginal groups, and the cattle industry rapidly encroaching on the park's boundaries. Disease management strategies and initiatives began in the 1950s, and have yet to result in a reduction of the incidence of either disease despite considerable expenditure and increased public involvement.
References
^ Geist V. (1991). "Phantom subspecies: the wood bison, Bison bison "athabascae" Rhoads 1897, is not a valid taxon, but an ecotype.". Arctic 44 (4): 283300.
^ Kay, Charles E.; Clifford A. White (2001). "Reintroduction of bison into the Rocky Mountain parks of Canada: historical and archaeological evidence". Crossing Boundaries in Park Management: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Research and Resource Management in Parks and on Public Lands. Hancock, Michigan: The George Wright Society, Inc.. pp. 143151. http://www.georgewright.org/24kay.pdf. Retrieved December 2, 2009.
^ a b Bork, A. M., C. M. Strobeck, F. C. Yeh, R. J. Hudson, & R. K. Salmon (1991). "Genetic relationship of wood and plains bison based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms". Can J Zool 69 (1): 4348. doi:10.1139/z91-007. http://article.pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/RPAS/RPViewDoc?_handler_=HandleInitialGet&calyLang=eng&journal=cjz&volume=69&articleFile=z91-007.pdf.
^ Halbert, Natalie D., Terje Raudsepp, Bhanu P. Chowdhary, & James N. Derr (2004). "Conservation Genetic Analysis of the Texas State Bison Herd". Journal of Mammalogy 85 (5): 924931. doi:10.1644/BER-029. http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1644/BER-029.
^ Wilson, G. A., & C. Strobeck (1999). "Genetic variation within and relatedness among wood and plains bison populations". Genome 42 (3): 483496. doi:10.1139/gen-42-3-483. PMID 10382295. http://article.pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ppv/RPViewDoc?issn=0831-2796&volume=42&issue=3&startPage=483.
^ Boyd, Delaney P. (2003). Conservation of North American Bison: Status and Recommendations. (MS thesis). University of Calgary. Retrieved December 2, 2009.
^ Wood Bison Restoration in Alaska, Alaska Department of Fish & Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation
^ Canada Helps Restore Wood Bison to Alaska in International Conservation Effort to Recover a Threatened Species, Yahoo! Finance, July 9, 2008
^ State brings back wood bison, Anchorage Daily News, June 27th, 2008
^ Wood Bison Conservation in Alaska, Alaska Department of Fish & Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation
^ Gates, Zimov, Stephenson, Chapin. "Wood Bison Recovery: Restoring Grazing Systems in Canada, Alaska and Eastern Siberia". http://www.bisoncentre.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=124&Itemid=135. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
^ Joly, D. O.; Messier, F. (2004-06-16). [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118754826/HTMLSTART "Factors affecting apparent prevalence of tuberculosis and brucellosis nubs are amazing"]. Journal of Animal Ecology 7 (4): 623631. doi:10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00836.x. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118754826/HTMLSTART. Retrieved 2009-04-30.
External links
Environment Canada's Species at Risk website profiles the Wood Bison
Photo gallery
Alaska.org
Categories: IUCN Red List endangered species | Bison | Mammals of Canada | Fauna of the Western United States
Jewelry wire gauge
China Product
Wire hardness
All metals have a property called hardness. Hardness is the property of the metal that resists bending. Soft metals are pliable and easy to bend. Hard metals are stiff and hard to bend. The hardness of metals can be changed by heat treating the metal in a process called annealing or by simply bending the wire in a process called work hardening.
Wire, like all metals, will have this same hardness property. Most modern manufacturers of jewelry wire will make the wire with a defined hardness, generally labeled as a hardness of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. Historically, these numbers were associated with the number of times that the wire was pulled through the draw plate. The wire becomes harder or stiffer after each time it is drawn through the drawplate. A hardness of 0 meant that the wire was drawn only one time and was as soft and pliable as possible. A hardness of 4 meant that the wire was drawn five or more times and the wire was as stiff and hard as possible. Currently the designations 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 no longer correlate to the number of times that the wire was drawn because the hardness of the wire can be changed by heat treating the wire. Practically, most jewelry wire is sold now as either dead soft, half-hard, or hard, with dead soft being wire manufactured with a hardness of 0, half-hard being wire manufactured with a hardness of 2, and fully hardened wire being wire with a hardness of 4. pulsar watches
Dead soft wire is extremely soft and pliable. It can be easily bent and is excellent for making rounded shapes including a spiral. The disadvantage of using soft wire is that the finished piece can be bent out of shape if not properly handled. croton watches
Half-hard wire is slightly stiffer than dead soft wire. Half-hard wire is excellent for making tight, angular bends, for making loops in wire, and for wrapping wire around itself. Finished pieces made with half-hard wire are often more permanent than pieces made with soft wire. Half-hard wire does not do a good job of making spirals. rotary watches
Hard wire is very stiff and tends to spring back after being bent. This can make it harder to work with when using a jig. Hard wire will not make a spiral. The advantage to hard wire is that the wire components made out of hard wire are difficult to make but very permanent.
As in many things, no single wire is perfect for all applications. Soft wire is easy to bend and shape, but the finished product may be bent out of shape if squeezed. Hard wire is difficult to bend, but makes very permanent shapes. Half-hard wire is a compromise between the two. The ideal wire will be easy to bend, until in its final shape, but then very stiff. Obviously this ideal wire does not exist, so when making wire wrapped jewelry the wire is often hardened as part of making the jewelry. Hardening the wire can be accomplished by hammering, or by manipulating the wire in a process called work hardening.
Wire shape
Historically, all wire was round. Advances in technology now allow the manufacture of jewelry wire in several shapes. The "shape" refers to the shape of the cut end. These include round, square, and half-round. Although round wire tends to be more versatile, square and half-round wire are available and have their purpose. Half round wire is often wrapped around other pieces of wire to connect them. Square wire is used because of its aesthetic value. The corners of the square add interest to the finished jewelry. Square wire can also be twisted to create interesting visual effects.
Wire size
Currently wire is manufactured in a variety of sizes for a variety of applications. The sizes of wire are in general defined by one of two methods. There are two wire gauge sizing systems in common use in North America and the United Kingdom: The American wire gauge (AWG) and the Standard wire gauge (SWG) systems. AWG is usually, but not always the standard for defining the sizes of wire used in the United States, and SWG is usually, but not always the standard wire sizing system used in the United Kingdom. With both the AWG and SWG systems a larger wire will have a smaller gauge and smaller wire will have a larger gauge. 0 gauge wire will be roughly the size of a pencil and 30 gauge wire will be roughly the size of a human hair. In Europe, wire is generally defined by the mm diameter of the wire.
For making rings, generally 10 to 16 gauge wire is used (2.5 to 1.3 mm). Bracelet and necklace wire components are generally made out of wire that is 16, 18 or 20 gauge (1.3 to 0.8 mm). Earring components are frequently made out of 18 or 20 gauge wire (1.0 to 0.8 mm). When making wire wrapped jewelry, these components are connected to one another with wire that is generally 20 to 26 gauge (0.8 to 0.4 mm). Frequently the connections between wire components will include a bead on the wire connector in a technique called a wrapped bead link. Most glass beads (but not all) are manufactured with a hole that is 1 mm in size. This will accommodate 20 gauge wire, but will probably not accommodate 18 gauge wire. Some glass beads, almost all freshwater pearls and some gemstone beads will have smaller holes and will require the use of wire smaller than 20 gauge. (The largest wire that can go through the beads is generally chosen. Beads and gemstones are much harder than the wire and will over time saw into the wire, so thicker wire will last longer.)
Larger wire is more difficult to work with. Wire that is 16 gauge and larger is harder to bend and may not be appropriate for beginners.
See also
Wire
Wire gauge
Wire wrapped jewelry
Wire sculpture
jig (jewellery)
References
Ogden, Jack, 1992, Interpreting the Past -- Ancient Jewelry, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-08030-0
Categories: Wire gauges | Jewellery makingHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from July 2008 | All articles lacking sources
Filament tape
China Product
Uses
The tape is most often used as a closure for corrugated boxes such as a full overlap box, five panel folder, full telescope box. "L" shaped clips or strips are applied over the overlapping flap, extending 50 - 75 mm (2 - 3 inches) onto the box panels.
Heavy loads or weak box construction may also be aided by the application of strips or bands of filament tape to the box. perfume atomizer
Application wholesale perfume bottle
The tape can be applied manually with a stationary dispenser but is more often applied with a hand held tape dispenser: this allows the user to more efficiently place the tape on the box, cut it off, and rub it down. perfume atomizers
Automated machinery for application of tape to high speed lines is also common.
Related products
Some PSA tapes are available which have a highly oriented polypropylene backing with high strength in the long (machine) direction. Some of these have shaped filaments which help resist tearing across the tape. These tapes are sometimes used in a similar manner as filament reinforced tapes.
Some filament tapes (or strapping tapes) are sometimes used similarly to strapping.
References
ASTM D3330 Standard Specification for Pressure Sensitive Tape for Packaging, , Filament Reinforced
ASTM D1974 Standard Practice for Methods of Closing, Sealing and Reinforcing Fiberboard Boxes.
ASTM D5168 Standard Practice for Fabrication and Closure of Tripplewall Corrugated Containers
Brody, A. L., and Marsh, K, S., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 1997, ISBN 0-471-06397-5
Categories: Packaging materials | Adhesive tape
Derfflinger class battlecruiser
China Product
Design
The Derfflinger class battlecruisers were a result of the fourth and final Naval Law, which was passed in 1912. Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz used public outcry over the British involvement in the Agadir Crisis of 1911 to pressure the Reichstag into appropriating additional funds to the Navy. The Fourth Naval Law secured funding for three new dreadnoughts, two light cruisers, and an increase of an additional 15,000 officers and men in the ranks of the Navy for 1912. The three dreadnoughts secured in the bill were to become Derfflinger, Ltzow, and Hindenburg. Design work on the first two ships began in October 1910 and continued until June 1911; Hindenburg was built to a slightly modified design, which was created between May and October 1912.
When design work began, the navy department was asked to submit new requirements to fix deficiencies found in the preceding battlecruiser classes, which primarily covered propulsion systems and the main armament. Previous battlecruisers used a four shaft arrangement for their engines; reducing the number to three would allow the new ships to equip a diesel engine on the central shaft. This would substantially increase the cruising range, and would ease the transfer of fuel and reduce the amount of crew members needed to operate the ships' machinery. The navy department also argued for an increase in the main battery guns, from 28-centimeter (11 in) guns to more powerful 30.5 cm (12 in) weapons. This was due to the fact that the latest British battleships had thicker main belt armor, up to 300 millimetres (12 in). Since the German battlecruisers were intended to fight in the line of battle, their armament needed to be sufficiently powerful to penetrate the armor of their British opponents. Weight increases were managed by reducing the number of guns, from 10 to 8he increase in gun caliber added only 36 tons to the ships' displacement. Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz argued against the increase in gun caliber, for he thought the 28 cm gun was powerful enough. dell a940 ink
A new construction technique was employed to save weight. Previous battlecruisers were built with a combination of transverse and longitudinal steel frames; the Derfflinger class ships dispensed with the transverse frames and used only the longitudinal ones. This enabled the ship to retain structural strength and a lower weight. As with all preceding capital ships, the outer hull spaces between the hull wall and the torpedo bulkhead were to be used for coal storage. copier supply
On 1 September 1910, the design board chose the 30.5 cm, to be mounted in four twin turrets on the centerline of the ship. The armor layout was kept the same as in Seydlitz. In the meantime, pressure from the British public and media had forced the British Parliament to step up ship building. Kaiser Wilhelm II requested that the build time for the new battlecruisers be reduced to two years each, as opposed to three years. This proved unfeasible, because neither the armor or armament firms could supply the necessary materials according to an expedited schedule. hp 6110 cartridge
General characteristics
Plan and elevation view of the Derfflinger class, from Jane's Fighting Ships 1919
Derfflinger and Ltzow were 210 m (690 ft) long at the waterline and 210.4 m (690 ft) long overall. Hindenburg was slightly longer, at 212.5 m (697 ft) at the waterline and 212.8 m (698 ft) overall. All three ships had a beam of 29 m (95 ft), and a draft of between 9.2 m (30 ft) forward and 9.57 m (31.4 ft) aft. The first two ships were designed to displace 26,600 metric tons (26,200 LT; 29,300 ST) with a standard load, and up to 31,200 metric tons (30,700 LT; 34,400 ST) at combat weight. Hindenburg displaced slightly more, at 26,947 metric tons (26,521 LT; 29,704 ST) standard and 31,500 metric tons (31,000 LT; 34,700 ST) fully laden. The ships' hulls were constructed from longitudinal steel frames, over which the outer hull plates were riveted. Derfflinger's hull contained 16 watertight compartments, though Ltzow and Hindenburg had an additional seventeenth compartment. All three ships had a double bottom that ran for 65% of the length of the hull. This was a decrease from preceding German battlecruisers, which had a double bottom for at least 75% of the hull.
The ships were regarded as excellent sea boats by the German navy. The Derfflinger class ships were described as having had gentle motion, though they were "wet" at the casemate deck. The ships lost up to 65% speed with the twin rudders hard over, and heeled up to 11 degrees. This was greater than any of the preceding battlecruiser designs, and as a result, anti-roll tanks were fitted to Derfflinger.[Note 1] The three ships had a metacentric height of 2.6 m (8.5 ft). The standard crew for one of the vessels was 44 officers and 1,068 men; when serving as the flagship for the I Scouting Group, the ships carried an additional 14 officers and 62 men. The Derfflingers carried a number of smaller craft, including one picket boat, three barges, two launches, two yawls, and two dinghies.
Machinery
By the time construction work on Derfflinger began, it was determined that the diesel engine was not ready for use. Instead, the plan to use a three-shaft system was abandoned and the ships reverted to the standard four-shaft arrangement. Each of the three ships were equipped with two sets of marine-type turbines; each set drove a pair of 3-bladed screws that were 3.9 m (13 ft) in diameter on Derfflinger and Ltzow and 4 m (13 ft) in diameter on Hindenburg. Each set consisted of a high- and low-pressure turbinehe high-pressure machines drove the outer shafts while the low-pressure turbines turned the inner pair. Steam was supplied to the turbines from 14 coal-fired marine-type double boilers and eight oil-fired marine-type double-ended boilers. Each ship was equipped with a pair of turbo-electric generators and a pair of diesel-electric generators that provided a total of 1,660 kilowatts at 220 volts. Each ship was equipped with two rudders.
The engines for first two ships were designed to provide 63,000 shaft horsepower (47,000 kW), at 280 revolutions per minute. This would have given the two ships a top speed of 26.5 knots (49.1 km/h; 30.5 mph). However, during trials, Derfflinger's engines achieved 76,634 shaft horsepower (57,146 kW), but a top speed of 25.5 knots (47.2 km/h; 29.3 mph). Ltzow's engines reached 80,988 shp (60,393 kW) and a top speed of 26.4 knots (48.9 km/h; 30.4 mph). Hindenburg's power plant was rated at 72,000 shp (54,000 kW) at 290 rpm, for a top speed of 27 knots (50 km/h; 31 mph). On trials she reached 95,777 shp (71,421 kW) and 26.6 knots (49.3 km/h; 30.6 mph). Derfflinger could carry 3,500 t (3,400 LT; 3,900 ST) of coal and 1,000 t (980 LT; 1,100 ST) of oil; at a cruising speed of 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph), she had a range of 5,600 nautical miles (10,400 km). Ltzow carried 3,700 t (3,600 LT; 4,100 ST) of coal and 1,000 tons of oil, though she had no advantage in range over her sister Derfflinger. Hindenburg also stored 3,700 tons of coal, as well as 1,200 t (1,200 LT; 1,300 ST) of oil; her range at 14 knots was rated at 6,100 nautical miles (11,300 km).
Armament
Derfflinger's forward gun turrets
The Derfflinger class ships were armed with eight 30.5 cm (12 in) SK L/50 guns[Note 2] in four twin gun turrets, two forward of the main superstructure in a superfiring pair and two to the rear of the ship, in a similar arrangement. The guns were housed in Drh.L C/1912 mounts on the first two ships, and in Drh.L C/1913 mounts on Hindenburg. The turrets were trained with electrical motors, while the guns were elevated hydraulically, up to 13.5 degrees. The guns fired 405.5-kilogram (894 lb) armor-piercing shells at a muzzle velocity of 855 meters per second (2,805 ft/s). At 13.5 degrees, the shells could hit targets out to 18,000 m (20,000 yd). The turrets were modified in 1916 to increase the elevation maximum to 16 degrees. This correspondingly increased the range to 20,400 m (22,300 yd). The ships carried 720 shells, or 90 per gun; each gun was supplied with 65 armor-piercing (AP) shells and 25 semi-AP shells for use against targets with less armor protection. The 30.5 cm gun had a rate of fire of between 23 shells per minute, and was expected to fire 200 shells before replacement was necessary. The guns were also capable of firing 405.9 kg (894.8 lb) high explosive shells. The shells were loaded with two RP C/12 propellant charges: a main charge in a brass cartridge that weighed 91 kg (201 lb) and a fore charge in a silk bag that weighed 34.5 kg (76 lb). The propellant magazines were located underneath the shell rooms for the two forward turrets as well as the rear superfiring turret; the arrangement was reversed for the rearmost turret.
The ships were designed to carry fourteen 15 cm SK L/45 quick-firing guns, mounted in casemates along the superstructure. Because Derfflinger had to be fitted with anti-roll tanks, two of the casemated guns had to be removed, to allow enough room in the hull. Ltzow and Hindenburg were equipped with the designed number of guns. Each gun was supplied with 160 rounds, and had a maximum range of 13,500 m (14,800 yd), though this was later extended to 16,800 m (18,400 yd). The guns had a sustained rate of fire of five to seven rounds per minute. The shells were 45.3 kg (99.8 lb), and were loaded with a 13.7 kg (31.2 lb) RPC/12 propellant charge in a brass cartridge. The guns fired at a muzzle velocity of 835 meters per second (2,740 ft/s). The guns were expected to fire around 1,400 shells before they needed to be replaced.
The three ships carried a variety of 8.8 cm SK L/45 guns in a number of different configurations. The Derfflinger class ships were initially equipped with eight of these weapons, all in single mounts; four were placed in the forward superstructure and four in the aft superstructure. The ships also carried four 8.8 cm Flak L/45 anti-aircraft guns, which were emplaced around the forward funnel, with the exception of Ltzow, which carried the Flak guns around the rear funnel. After 1916, the four 8.8 cm guns in the forward superstructure were removed. The Flak guns were emplaced in MPL C/13 mountings, which allowed depression to 10 degrees and elevation to 70 degrees. These guns fired 9 kg (19.8 lb) shells, and had an effective ceiling of 9,150 m (30,000 ft) at 70 degrees.
The ships were also armed with submerged torpedo tubes in their hulls. Derfflinger was equipped with four 50 cm tubes; the later ships were armed with more powerful 60 cm weapons. The tubes were arranged with one in the bow, one in the stern, and two on the broadside. Derfflinger's 50 cm torpedoes were the G7 type, 7.02 m (276 in) long and armed with a 195 kg (430 lb) Hexanite warhead. The torpedo had a range of 4,000 m (4,370 yd) when set at a speed of 37 knots, and up to 9,300 m (10,170 yd) at 27 knots. The 60 cm torpedoes were the H8 type, which were 8 m long and carried a 210 kg (463 lb) Hexanite warhead. The torpedoes had a range of 6,000 m (6,550 yd) when set at a speed of 36 knots; at a reduced speed of 30 knots, the range increased significantly to 14,000 m (15,310 yd).
Armor
The Derfflinger class ships were protected with Krupp steel armor, as was the standard for German warships of the period. They had an armor belt that was 300 mm (12 in) thick in the central citadel of the ship, where the most important parts of the ship were located. This included the ammunition magazines and the machinery spaces. The belt was reduced in less critical areas, to 120 mm (4.7 in) forward and 100 mm (3.9 in) aft. The belt tapered down to 30 mm (1.2 in) at the bow, though the stern was not protected by armor at all. A 45 mm (1.8 in) thick torpedo bulkhead ran the length of the hull, several meters behind the main belt. The main armored deck ranged in thickness from 30 mm thick in less important areas, to 80 mm (3.1 in) in the sections that covered the more critical areas of the ship.
The forward conning tower was protected with heavy armor: the sides were 300 mm thick and the roof was 130 mm (5.1 in) thick. The rear conning tower was less well armored; its sides were only 200 mm (7.9 in) thick and the roof was covered with 50 mm (2.0 in) of armor plate. The main battery gun turrets were also heavily armored: the turret sides were 270 mm (11 in) thick and the roofs were 110 mm (4.3 in) thick. On Hindenburg, the thickness of the turret roofs was increased to 150 mm (5.9 in). The 15 cm guns had 150 mm-worth of armor plating in the casemates; the guns themselves had 70 mm (2.8 in) thick shields to protect their crews from shell splinters.
Construction
Hindenburg being launched, on 1 August 1915
Of the three ships in its class, only Derfflinger was ordered as an addition to the fleet, under the provisional name "K". The other two ships were to intended to replace obsolete vessels; Ltzow was ordered as Ersatz Kaiserin Augusta for the elderly protected cruiser Kaiserin Augusta and the contract for Hindenburg was issued under the provisional name Ersatz Hertha, to replace the protected cruiser Hertha.
Derfflinger was constructed at Blohm und Voss in Hamburg under construction number 213. She was the least expensive of the three ships, at a cost of 56 million gold marks. The ship was ready to be launched on 14 June 1913, but during the ceremony, one of the wooden sledges upon which the hull rested became jammed. It was not until nearly a month later, on 12 July, that she actually entered the water. She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 1 September 1914, shortly after the outbreak of World War I. Ltzow was built at the Schichau dockyard in Danzig under construction number 885, at the cost of 58 million gold marks. The ship was launched on 29 November 1913, and after lengthy trials, commissioned on 8 August 1915. Hindenburg, the final member of the class, was built at the Imperial Dockyard in Wilhelmshaven, under construction number 34. The ship was built at a cost of 59 million gold marks, the most expensive of the three vessels. She was launched on 1 August 1915 and commissioned on 10 May 1917.
Units
SMS Derfflinger
Named after Georg von Derfflinger, a German field marshal during the Thirty Years War, Derfflinger was commissioned on 1 September 1914. A dockyard crew transferred the ship from Hamburg to Kiel, via the Skagen. The ship was assigned to the I Scouting Group at the end of October. Damage to the ship's turbines sustained during trials prevented the ship from seeing active service until 16 November. On 15 December, the ship took part in the raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby. She was also present during the battle of Dogger Bank on 24 January 1915. The ship was hit once by a 13.5-inch shell from one of the British battlecruisers; in response, she heavily damaged HMS Lion. Repair work was completed by 16 February, but Derfflinger's starboard turbine was accidentally damaged on 28 June, and the ship was again in the dockyard until August. On 24 April 1916, Derfflinger took part in the bombardment of Yarmouth.
Queen Mary's magazines detonate
On 31 May, Derfflinger was heavily engaged during the battle of Jutland, as the second ship in the German battlecruiser line. She sustained 21 major hits during the battle, but dealt considerable damage to the British battlecruiser force as well. At 16:26, HMS Queen Mary sank after a magazine explosion that tore the ship apart; she had been targeted with a hail of heavy-caliber gunfire from Derfflinger and Seydlitz. Two hours later, at 18:30, HMS Invincible suffered a similar fate, though Derfflinger was assisted by her sister Ltzow. During the engagement, Derfflinger had both of her rear turrets knocked out by British gunfire. Her crew suffered 157 men killed and 26 wounded, which was the highest casualty figure for any ship not sunk. The resilience of the vessel earned her the nickname "Iron Dog" from her British adversaries. Repair work lasted until 15 October, during which the ship had her pole mast removed and replaced with a tripod mast. The ship conducted training operations until November, at which point she returned to active duty with the fleet.
Following the German capitulation in November 1918, Derfflinger was interned with a significant portion of the High Seas Fleet in Scapa Flow. On 21 June 1919, with the guard ships of the Royal Navy out on maneuvers, Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter ordered that the fleet be scuttled.[Note 3] The resulting scuttling of the German fleet saw some 66 vessels of various types sunk. Among those was Derfflinger, which sank at 14:45. The ship was raised in 1939 to be broken up for scrap metal, but the outbreak of World War II intervened. The ship, which remained capsized, was anchored off the island of Risa until 1946, at which point she was sent to Faslane Port, where she was broken up. The ship's bell was delivered to the German Federal Navy on 30 August 1965.
SMS Ltzow
Ltzow was named after Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm von Ltzow, a Prussian lieutenant-general who fought during the Napoleonic Wars. The ship was commissioned on 8 August 1915, and then underwent trials. On 25 October, while still running sea trials, Ltzow's port low pressure turbine were severely damaged. She was sent to Kiel for repairs, which lasted until late January 1916. The ship went on additional trials that lasted until 19 February. Ltzow was by then fully operational, and assigned to the I Scouting Group on 20 March 1916. She took part in two fleet advances, on 25 March and 2122 April, without any major incidents. The following day, on 23 April, Ltzow, along with her sister Derfflinger and the battlecruisers Seydlitz, Moltke, and Von der Tann, bombarded Yarmouth. While en route to the target, Vice Admiral Franz von Hipper's flagship Seydlitz was heavily damaged by mines. As a result, Ltzow was transferred to the role of squadron flagship. During the operation, the German battlecruisers encountered British light forces, and a running battle ensued. Ltzow engaged the light cruiser HMS Conquest and hit her several times.
Invincible explodes
At the Battle of Jutland, she was the first ship in the German line, and Hipper's flagship and drew fire from the British battlecruisers included hits below her waterline. Shortly after the start of the battlecruiser action, Ltzow hit her opponent HMS Lion several times; one hit knocked out Lion's "Q" turret, and the resulting magazine fire nearly destroyed the ship.[Note 4] Shortly after 19:00, the armored cruisers Defence and Warrior inadvertently ran into the German line; Ltzow opened fire immediately, followed by several German dreadnoughts. In a hail of shells, Defence's ammunition magazines detonated and the ship was sunk. At around the same time, the fresh battlecruisers of the 3rd Battlecruiser Squadron engaged their German opposites. Between 19:26 and 19:34, Ltzow sustained four 12-inch shell hits in her bow from the British battlecruisers; these eventually proved to be fatal. Despite this, at 19:30, the combined fire of Ltzow and her sister Derfflinger destroyed the battlecruiser Invincible. By 20:15, Ltzow had been hit five more times, including hits on her two forward turrets.
By 22:15, Ltzow had shipped nearly 2,400 tons of water, and the ship was dangerously down by the bows. After midnight, attempts were made to steer the ship in reverse. This however failed when the bow became submerged enough to bring the stern out of the water; by 02:20, the screws and both rudders were coming out of the water and the ship was no longer able to steer. The order to abandon ship was given, and at 02:47, Ltzow was sunk by the torpedo boat G38. The ship was lost because the flooding in the bow could not be controlled; the forward pump system failed and the central system could not keep up with the rising water. The crew was picked up by four torpedo boats that had been escorting the crippled battlecruiser; during the battle the ship suffered 116 men killed.
SMS Hindenburg
The German battlecruisers steam into Scapa Flow; Derfflinger and Hindenburg are the third and fourth ships in the line
Hindenburg was the last battlecruiser completed for the Imperial German Navy, and as such had a very short career. She was commissioned 10 May 1917, and was fully operational by 20 October 1917, albeit too late to see any major action in World War I. On 17 November Hindenburg and Moltke, along with the light cruisers of the II Scouting Group, were acting as distant support for German minesweepers off the German coast when they were attacked by British battlecruisers. However, the raid was brief; by the time Hindenburg and Moltke arrived on the scene, the British ships had broken off the attack and withdrawn. Six days later, Hindenburg replaced Seydlitz as flagship of the I Scouting Group.[Note 5] On 23 April 1918, the ship took part in an abortive fleet advance into the North Sea that attempted to intercept an Allied convoy. Moltke sustained mechanical damage while en route, and as a result, Vice Admiral Hipper decided to cancel the operation. On 11 August, Hipper was promoted to Admiral and given command of the entire High Seas Fleet. Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter replaced Hipper as the commander of the I Scouting Group; he raised his flag on Hindenburg the following day.
Hindenburg was interned at Scapa Flow, along with her sister Derfflinger and the rest of the German battlecruisers. She was scuttled on 21 June 1919, and sank at 17:00. Several unsuccessful attempts to raise her were made; on 23 July 1930 the ship was finally raised. From 1930 to 1932 she was scrapped at Rosyth. Her bell was presented to the German Federal Navy on 28 May 1959.
Notes
^ Anti-roll tanks were only fitted to Derfflinger, because during the initial trials on the battlecruiser Von der Tann, the roll tanks were found to only reduce rolling by 33%. This was deemed to be an insufficient benefit to warrant the extra weight of the roll tanks. The roll tanks also required the removal of two of Derfflinger's secondary guns. See: Staff, p. 35
^ In Imperial German Navy gun nomenclature, "SK" (Schnellfeuerkanone) denotes that the gun is quick firing, while the L/50 denotes the length of the gun. In this case, the L/50 gun is 50 calibers, meaning that the gun barrel is 50 times as long as it is in diameter.
^ The Armistice was scheduled to expire at noon on 21 June 1919; however, by the 20th, it had been extended to 23 June. There is some contention as to whether von Reuter was aware of this. Admiral Fremantle, the commander of the British fleet based in Scapa, stated that he informed von Reuter on the evening of the 20th, though von Reuter claims he was unaware of the development. For Fremantle's claim, see Bennett, p. 307. For von Reuter's statement, see Herwig, p. 256
^ Only the quick action of Major Francis Harvey, who despite being mortally wounded ordered the magazine be flooded, prevented a flash fire.
^ Seydlitz had resumed her duties as squadron flagship after the loss of Ltzow at Jutland.
Footnotes
^ Herwig, p. 77
^ Herwig, p. 81
^ a b c d e f Grner, p. 56
^ a b c Staff, p. 34
^ Staff, pp. 3435
^ Grner, pp. 5455
^ a b c d e f g h Grner, p. 57
^ Staff, p. 37
^ a b c d e Staff, p. 36
^ DiGiulian, Tony (28 December 2008). "Germany 30.5 cm/50 (12) SK L/50". Navweaps.com. http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNGER_12-50_skc12.htm. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
^ DiGiulian, Tony (06 July 2007). "German 15 cm/45 (5.9) SK L/45". Navweaps.com. http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNGER_59-45_skc16.htm. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
^ DiGiulian, Tony (16 April 2009). "German 8.8 cm/45 (3.46) SK L/45, 8.8 cm/45 (3.46) Tbts KL/45, 8.8 cm/45 (3.46) Flak L/45". Navweaps.com. http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNGER_88mm-45_skc13.htm. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
^ DiGiulian, Tony (21 April 2007). "German Torpedoes Pre-World War II". Navweaps.com. http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WTGER_PreWWII.htm. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
^ a b c Staff, p. 39
^ Grner, pp. 5657
^ Staff, pp. 3940
^ Herwig, p. 256
^ Staff, p. 40
^ Tarrant, pp. 138140
^ a b Staff, p. 41
^ a b Staff, p. 42
References
Bennett, Geoffrey (2005). Naval Battles of the First World War. London: Pen & Sword Military Classics. ISBN 1-84415-300-2.
Grner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 18151945. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0870217909. OCLC 22101769.
Herwig, Holger (1980). "Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888-1918. Amherst, New York: Humanity Books. ISBN 9781573922869.
Staff, Gary (2006). German Battlecruisers: 19141918. Oxford: Osprey Books. ISBN 978-1-84603-009-3.
Tarrant, V. E. (1995). Jutland: The German Perspective. Cassell Military Paperbacks. ISBN 0-304-35848-7.
See also
Battleships portal
Book:Derfflinger class battlecruisers
Books are collections of articles which can be downloaded or ordered in print.
External links
Media related to Derfflinger class battlecruisers at Wikimedia Commons
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Battlecruisers
SMS Von der Tann Moltke SMS Seydlitz Derfflinger Mackensen Ersatz Yorck
Armored cruisers
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Light cruisers
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Protected cruisers
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Categories: Battlecruiser classes | Derfflinger class battlecruisers | World War I battlecruisers of GermanyHidden categories: Articles containing German language text | Featured articles
2009 China League One
China Product
League table
P
Team cashmere throw
Pld cashmere wrap
W pashmina silk shawls
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Promotion or relegation
Head-to-head
1
Liaoning Whowin (C) (P)
24
18
3
3
49
17
+32
57
Promotion to Chinese Super League
2
Nanchang Hengyuan (P)
24
14
5
5
48
22
+26
47
3
Shenyang Dongjin
24
12
8
4
39
21
+18
44
Shenyang: 4 pts, 3-2
Shanghai: 1 pt, 2-3
4
Shanghai East Asia
24
13
5
6
43
25
+18
44
5
Guangdong Sunray Cave
24
10
5
9
37
37
0
35
6
Yanbian
24
7
8
9
29
30
1
29
Yanbian: 6 pts, 5-1
Anhui: 0 pts, 1-5
7
Anhui Jiufang
24
7
8
9
35
44
9
29
8
Beijing Technology
24
7
7
10
29
33
4
28
9
Pudong Zobon
24
7
6
11
23
35
12
27
10
Qingdao Hailifeng
24
7
5
12
38
45
7
26
11
Beijing Hongdeng
24
5
7
12
26
36
10
22
12
Nanjing Yoyo
24
5
9
10
23
40
17
018*
13
Sichuan Meilianshu (R)
24
4
4
16
26
60
34
16
Relegation to China League Two
Nanjing Yoyo were deducted 6 points for debt dispute and breaking the FIFA regulations in the payment of foreign players..
Updated to games played on 25 Oct 2009.
Source: 2009 China League One table
Rules for classification: 1st points; 2nd head-to-head points; 3rd head-to-head goal difference; 4th head-to-head goals scored; 5th goal difference; 6th goals scored; 7th disciplinary points.
P = Position; Pld = Matches played; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; GD = Goal difference; Pts = Points;
(C) = Champions; (P) = Promoted; (R) = Relegated.
Results
Home Away1
AH
BJH
BJT
GD
LN
NC
NJ
PD
QD
SH
SY
SC
YB
Anhui Jiufang
32
20
32
32
11
11
21
44
12
00
52
02
Beijing Hongdeng
12
01
22
01
10
31
11
40
12
11
01
11
Beijing Technology
52
10
30
11
01
21
00
22
11
21
21
00
Guangdong Sunray Cave
32
11
31
21
31
10
40
10
42
12
20
20
Liaoning Whowin
20
31
31
31
01
51
50
20
20
11
30
21
Nanchang Hengyuan
11
30
31
30
01
61
30
10
31
21
61
50
Nanjing Yoyo
21
02
20
20
13
11
00
00
10
00
20
11
Pudong Zobon
00
51
22
31
01
02
22
10
21
10
20
01
Qingdao Hailifeng
40
13
21
11
12
23
42
21
02
12
54
31
Shanghai East Asia
00
30
21
10
00
21
40
20
41
23
61
21
Shenyang Dongjin
00
31
11
11
12
51
10
10
42
00
50
20
Sichuan Meilianshu
41
00
10
22
02
00
22
12
03
13
01
32
Yanbian
31
00
21
30
12
00
00
30
00
11
23
41
Source: China League One Results on Sina.com
1The home team is listed in the left-hand column.
Colours: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.
Top scorers
Updated to games played on 25 Oct 2009
Rank
Player
Team
Goals
1
Martn
Nanchang Hengyuan
19
2
Yang Xu
Liaoning Whowin
15
3
Ilie
Qingdao Hailifeng
14
4
Rodrigo
Shenyang Dongjin
11
5
Guy
Guangdong Sunray
10
Anderson
Liaoning Whowin
10
Notes and references
^ 65
^ 1 point for each yellow card, 3 points for each red card.
^ http://sports.sina.com.cn/b/2009-03-28/17424294051.shtml
See also
2009 in Chinese football
External links
Official site (Chinese)
News, fixtures, results and table at Sina.com (Chinese)
v d e
China League One seasons
2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010
v d e
2009 in Chinese football
Club football
Domestic
Super League League One League Two
International
Champions League Pan-Pacific Championship
National team football
Senior
Asian Cup qualifiers Friendlies Algarve Cup
Youth
East Asian Games U19 Championship qualifiers U19 Women's Championship
Others
National Games Beach World Cup Asian Indoor Games
Categories: China League One | 2009 domestic football (soccer) leagues | 2009 in China
Harry Kalas
China Product
Early life and career
Born in Naperville, Illinois, Kalas graduated from Naperville High School in 1954 and from the University of Iowa in 1959. Upon graduation, he was immediately drafted into the United States Army and stationed in Hawaii. After his discharge in 1961, Kalas began calling minor-league baseball games for the Hawaii Islanders.
Kalas made his major-league debut in 1965 with the Houston Astros, replacing Al Helfer and working alongside Gene Elston and Loel Passe. He called the first game at Houston's Astrodome, on April 12, 1965. chemical toilets
He was hired by the Phillies in 1971 to succeed Bill Campbell, and was the master of ceremonies at the 1971 opening of Veterans Stadium. After the retirement of By Saam, Kalas was paired with Andy Musser and Hall of Fame player Richie Ashburn. sea rays for sale
Kalas joined NFL Films as a narrator in 1975. He became its primary voice, following the passing of John Facenda in 1984. He provided the narration to the highlights on Inside the NFL from its inception in 1977 through the 2008 season. Following Kalas' death, fellow Philadelphia Phillies announcer Scott Graham took over his Inside the NFL duties. prefabricated homes
His son, Todd, was a Phillies broadcaster, worked as a pregame/postgamehow host, and is currently an in-game analyst for the Tampa Bay Rays.
Philadelphia Phillies
In general
While initially meeting with a lukewarm reception due to his replacement of the popular Campbell, Kalas soon won the hearts of Phillies fans with his easy-going style, his mellow, baritone, leathery voice (which rose to great excitement upon great plays on the field or Phillies' home runs, especially in key situations), his love of the game and also his accessibility to Phillies fans, for whom he professed a strong love.
During his Phillies career, he called six no-hit games, six National League Championship Series, and three World Series (1983, 1993, and 2008). However, due to MLB rules at the time, he could not call the 1980 World Series, as local broadcasters were not allowed to call games due to contract conflicts with MLB, NBC and CBS Radio. Public outcry caused MLB to reverse that decision three years later.
Kalas also called the first game at Veterans Stadium (April 10, 1971), the last game at Veterans Stadium (September 28, 2003), and the first game at Citizens Bank Park (April 12, 2004).
Kalas was sidelined for a few days in late July 2008 to treat a detached retina.
On April 8, 2009, the Phillies honored Kalas by having him throw out the first pitch before a game against the Atlanta Braves. Kalas's pitch was part of the pre-game ceremony in which the Phillies received their 2008 World Series championship rings. Unknown at the time, the ceremony would be part of Kalas's last home game.
On May 15, 2009, during a series in Washington, the Phillies visited the White House and were congratulated by President Barack Obama for their 2008 World Series championship. The visit had been postponed from April 14, due to Kalas's death the preceding day. The President mentioned Kalas, his voice, his love for the Phillies, and his legacy.
Richie Ashburn
Main article: Richie Ashburn
Kalas and Ashburn became beloved figures in Philadelphia, and also became best friends. They worked together for 27 seasons until Ashburn's death on September 9, 1997 of a heart attack in his sleep in a New York City hotel room after broadcasting a Phillies/Mets game at Shea Stadium. It is believed by many[citation needed] that Kalas never got over the death of his partner and friend, openly stating more than 11 years afterward that he still grieved over Ashburn's death.
Memorable calls
Kalas, pictured before the 2007 playoffs
Kalas' familiar home run call was "Swing ... and a long drive, and this ball is ... outta here! Home run <insert player's name here>." If it was a gigantic home run, he sometimes inserted "deep (section of outfield)" after "and a long drive" and described it as "that ball's way outta here!"
As a guest on ESPN's Sunday Night Baseball on July 15, 2007, Kalas recounted that his famous "outta here" call originated in the mid-1970s. While standing around the batting cage during batting practice, he saw Philllies slugger Greg Luzinski hit a ball into the upper deck, to which Philly shortstop Larry Bowa reacted with the words, "Wow! That's way outta here." Kalas said that it had a nice "unique ring to it and has been using it ever since".
Other broadcasters have used Kalas' "outta here" call, including Gary Cohen of the New York Mets, Jerry Coleman of the San Diego Padres, and Terry Smith of the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.
Kalas made, arguably, his most memorable call on April 18, 1987, when Mike Schmidt hit his 500th career home run.
Swing and a long drive, there it is, number 500! The career 500th home run for Michael Jack Schmidt!
In 1980, after the Phillies won the World Series, Kalas and the rest of the Phillies' radio crew re-created the call that Kalas probably would have made when Tug McGraw struck out Willie Wilson to win Game 6 and the World Series between the Phillies and the Kansas City Royals.
65,000 plus on their feet here at Veterans Stadium. The Tugger needs one more ... Swing and a miss! Yes, he struck him out! Yes, they did it! The Phillies are world champions! World champions of baseball! It's pandemonium at Veterans Stadium! All of the fans are on their feet. This city has come together behind a baseball team! ... Phillies are world champions! This city knows it! This city loves it!
This call was not made live by Kalas, as MLB radio-broadcasting regulations at the time forbade local stations from producing live coverage of World Series games, instead forcing them to air the national CBS Radio feed of the games. Philadelphia fans were so outraged about this afterward that they started a letter-writing campaign to the Commissioner's Office, demanding a change to the rule. Due at least in part to this outcry from Philadelphia fans, CBS-owned and operated station WCAU (the Phillies' radio flagship at the time) was allowed to air a local Series broadcast with Kalas in 1983, and MLB later amended its national radio contract to allow any team's flagship station to broadcast World Series games with local announcers, beginning in 1984.
Another memorable call by Kalas was his description of Mitch Williams's strikeout of Bill Pecota for the final out of Game 6 of the 1993 National League Championship Series between the Phillies and Atlanta Braves:
Swing and a miss! Struck him out! The Phillies ... are the '93 ... National League Champions!!!
Kalas sings "High Hopes" after the Phillies' victory in the 2008 World Series.
On August 9, 2006, Kalas called a close play at the plate as Chase Utley scored from second base against the Atlanta Braves:
Chase is going to keep going and he's safe at home plate! Chase Utley, you...ARE...the...man!
Here is Kalas's call of Brett Myers' strikeout of Washington's Wily Mo Pena to clinch the 2007 National League East division title for the Phillies on the last day of the season, completing a comeback as they erased a seven-game deficit behind the New York Mets in early September:
Myers ... has the sign from Chris Coste ... curveball, struck him out! The Phillies are National League East champions! Look at the scene on the field! Look at the scene on the stands! This is incredible! The Phillies are the National League East champions and will go to the postseason for the first time since 1993! Wow!
Kalas' call on the Phillies' victory in Game 5 of the 2008 NLCS:
The 32 pitch ... Swing, and a pop-up, this game is gonna be over ... Carlos Ruiz squeezes it, and the Phillies are the National League champions! The Phils move on to the World Series!
On October 29, 2008, Kalas was finally able to call a Phillies' championship-winning moment in the World Series when Brad Lidge struck out Eric Hinske to win the 104th Fall Classic 1:
One strike away; nothing-and-two, the count to Hinske. Fans on the their feet; rally towels are being waved. Brad Lidge stretches. The 0-2 pitch swing and a miss, struck him out! The Philadelphia Phillies are 2008 World Champions of baseball! Brad Lidge does it again, and stays perfect for the 2008 season! 48-for-48 in save opportunities, and let the city celebrate! Don't let the 48-hour wait diminish the euphoria of this moment, and the celebration. And it has been 28 years since the Phillies have enjoyed a World Championship; 25 years in this city that a team that has enjoyed a World Championship, and the fans are ready to celebrate. What a night!
Kalas made his final call on April 12, 2009, during the Phillies game against the Colorado Rockies:
Bouncing ball to Chase Utley, this should be the game, Chase throws him out and that will be it as the Phils win 2 out of 3 here at Coors Field, coming back to take this one by a score of 7 to 5.
Awards and honors
Nicknamed "Harry the K" by Phillies fans, Kalas received the Ford C. Frick Award from the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2002. In 2004, he was named Person of the Year by the Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia. That year, he was also inducted into the Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame, as a member of the charter class (21 members). He was named Pennsylvania Sportscaster of the Year 18 times.
Harry also helped announce the ceremonial closing of Veterans Stadium on September 28, 2003 and was the master of ceremonies at the ceremonial opening of Citizens Bank Park in 2004.
At Citizens Bank Park, the restaurant built into the base of the main scoreboard is named "Harry the K's" in Kalas's honor. After Kalas's death, the Phillies' TV-broadcast booth was renamed "The Harry Kalas Broadcast Booth". It is directly next to the radio-broadcast booth, which is named "The Richie 'Whitey' Ashburn Broadcast Booth".
When Kalas died on April 13, 2009, fans created an impromptu memorial tribute to him at the base of the statue of Mike Schmidt at the Third Base Gate of Citizens Bank Park.
In June 2009, the National Radio Hall of Fame and Museum announced that Kalas would be posthumously inducted into its Hall of Fame. Thirteen other sportscasters were previously inducted into the Hall of Fame.
In 2009, Kalas was that year's inductee into the Philadelphia Baseball Wall of Fame. As of 2009, Kalas is the only person inducted who was not either a player or manager.
Other ventures
In addition to his work with the Phillies and NFL Films, Kalas called various sports over the years for the Mutual Broadcasting System, CBS Radio, and Westwood One (including the NFL, MLB, college basketball, and Notre Dame football). For many years, he narrated the "Alcoa Fantastic Finishes" in-game highlights spots, for use during NFL telecasts. His voice was used for narration of the PBS 39 documentary on the Lehigh-Lafayette Rivalry Football Game, produced in 2004.
Harry lent his voice to the commercials for the movie Leatherheads, as well as commercials for the Campbell Soup Company (including Campbell's Chunky Soup), GMC Truck, Sega Genesis Sports Games, Coors Light, and others.
Kalas provided the recorded voice-over for much of the self-guided tours at the United States Mint in Philadelphia and the Gateway Arch in St. Louis.
He also narrated/commentated Animal Planet's Puppy Bowls I-V from 20052009. Puppy Bowl VI was dedicated in his memory.
He also made an appearance on the song "Rain Delay" by the Philadelphia-based rock group Marah.
Miscellany
Kalas was known for his love of the Frank Sinatra song, High Hopes. He sang that song at numerous events, including the Phillies' championship celebrations in his later years. His most famous singing of High Hopes came in 1993 when he sang to the team after they clinched the NL East division title. On April 17, 2009, at the first home game after Kalas' death, fans sang along with a video of Harry singing High Hopes during the seventh-inning stretch, instead of the traditional Take Me Out to the Ball Game.
Kalas had sung "Take Me Out To The Ball Game" on several occasions during the seventh-inning stretch at Wrigley Field in Chicago on several occasions in tribute to Harry Caray, the late voice of the Chicago Cubs, who had led fans in that song at most home games. However, by that time, Kalas, a native of the Chicago area, had become an openly-avid Phillies fan, and held the microphone out to the audience to hear them sing "the Cubbies" as they replaced their team's name for "the home team" in the song's lyrics.
He was very accessible to Phillies fans, for whom he professed a deep love. Kalas would take time after every home game to greet fans and sign autographs at the stadium's employee entrance, and would not leave until all fans' requests were taken care of. He also answered all of his fan mail personally, sometimes completely in his own handwriting.
Kalas also wrote numerous poems, primarily related to baseball.
Death
Harry Kalas was memorialized before the game on April 13, 2009 at Nationals Park.
Harry Kalas' final resting place in Philadelphia's Laurel Hill Cemetery.
Kalas died of heart disease on Monday, April 13, 2009, in Washington, D.C. He had collapsed in the Nationals Park press box at approximately 12:30 pm, several hours before the Washington Nationals' home opener against the Phillies. Kalas was rushed to George Washington University Hospital where he was pronounced dead at 1:20 pm EDT. "We lost Harry [today]," David Montgomery, the team president, said. "We lost our voice." Before the game began, Kalas' death was announced to the crowd, his picture was displayed on the scoreboard, and the stadium observed a minute of silence. The Phillies went on to win the game, 98. The Phillies saluted Kalas by placing a picture of him in their dugout during the game. Center fielder Shane Victorino also saluted Kalas after hitting a solo home run by pointing up to the press box where Kalas would have called the game. Phillies fans created a makeshift memorial at the Mike Schmidt statue outside of Citizens Bank Park (at the Third Base Gate) shortly after Kalas's death was announced.
Kalas suffered from atherosclerosis and hypertension in his later years, but those illnesses did not seem to affect his announcing abilities; he had called the Phillies/Rockies game in Denver on April 12, the day before his death. Kalas was in his 39th season with the Phillies.
Though the Phillies were scheduled to visit the White House on April 14 to celebrate their 2008 World Series championship, the visit was postponed so that the day could be set aside to remember Kalas. Their White House visit was pushed back to May 15, coinciding with the Phillies' next scheduled visit to town to play the Nationals.
On Saturday, April 18, 2009, Kalas became the fourth person to be given the honor of having their body lie in repose inside a major-league baseball stadium after Babe Ruth, Jack Buck, and Miller Huggins when his casket was displayed behind home plate and fans were encouraged to pay their respects at Citizens Bank Park. Kalas's casket was passed along by friends, broadcast partners, and every player on the Phillies team roster, before it was placed in a hearse which carried him out of Citizens Bank Park one final time. After leaving the ballpark, Kalas' body was laid to rest in a private service at Philadelphia's historic Laurel Hill Cemetery. His gravesite is situated on a scenic bluff above the Schuylkill River, overlooking the city he so loved. In August 2009, two pairs of seats from Veterans Stadium were installed at his graveside, one pair on each side, facing each other at a 45 angle.
Honors
The patch worn over the heart of all Phillies players and coaches in 2009
The Philadelphia Phillies honored Kalas for the remainder of the 2009 season with a round, black "HK" patch over the heart on all player, coach, and manager jerseys. Additionally, Kalas's famous "Outta Here!" call was played at Citizens Bank Park after every Phillies home run, and a billboard featuring a microphone, his initials and lifespan ("HK 19362009") are displayed on the wall in left-center field.
Immediately after the Phillies won the 2009 National League Championship Series, the players all went to the billboard, lit cigars and poured beer and champagne on the billboard as a symbolic way of including Kalas in the celebration, as Kalas had participated in all of the Phillies' victory celebrations during his tenure in Philadelphia.
The Phillies players, led by Shane Victorino, hung Kalas' signature baby-blue blazer and white loafers in the dugout for every game.
Following Kalas' death, the Phillies began playing a video of Kalas singing the first verse of "High Hopes" at Citizens Bank Park after every Phillies win.
The Phillies TV broadcast booth was renamed "The Harry Kalas Broadcast Booth" (which is situated next to the Phillies Radio booth, named "The Richie 'Whitey' Ashburn Broadcast Booth"). Both booths are draped in black. Replicas of his autograph ("Harry Kalas HOF 2002") were painted on the field at Citizens Bank Park in foul territory along the baselines near the coaches' boxes just beyond first base and third base for the first home series after Kalas's death. The wording "HOF 2002" refers to his receiving the Ford C. Frick Award from the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2002.
Phillies fan Antonio Jose initiated an online petition seeking support for a statue of Kalas to be erected outside the Phillies' ballpark. As of November 2009, there were 18,000 signatories. Sculptor Lawrence Nowlan has begun work on a model for the statue.
See also
List of Philadelphia Phillies broadcasters
List of sports announcers
Broadcasting of sports events
Philadelphia Phillies award winners and league leaders
Philadelphia Baseball Wall of Fame
References
^ Reed, Robert (1999). A Six-Gun Salute: An Illustrated History of the Colt .45s. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing Co.
^ Barron, David (April 13, 2009). "Phillies announcer Kalas dies after collapsing in booth". Houston Chronicle. http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/sports/6371292.html.
^ a b c "Official Phillies website: News: Team history: Features: Harry Kalas Tribute". Phillies.MLB.com. MLB Advanced Media, L.P. http://philadelphia.phillies.mlb.com/mlb/news/tributes/obit_harry_kalas.jsp?c_id=phi. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
^ Goldstein, Richard (April 14, 2009). "Harry Kalas, Popular Voice of Phillies, Dies at 73". The New York Times (nytimes.com). http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/14/sports/baseball/14kalas.html?ref=obituaries&pagewanted=print.
^ "Video of Harry Kalas throwing out the first pitch on April 8, 2009, just five days before he would die". http://mlb.mlb.com/media/video.jsp?content_id=4121449.
^ Zolecki, Todd (2009-05-15). "Phillies lauded for '08 title at White House: President Obama praises club for inspiring postseason run". Phillies.MLB.com. MLB Advanced Media, L.P. http://philadelphia.phillies.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20090515&content_id=4749670&vkey=news_phi&fext=.jsp&c_id=phi. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
^ "Video of Harry Kalas calling Mike Schmidt's 500th career home run and a tribute to Harry Kalas". http://mlb.mlb.com/media/video.jsp?content_id=4125871.
^ Gurian-Peck, David (2009-06-17). "Kalas elected to Radio Hall of Fame". Phillies.MLB.com. Major League Baseball. http://philadelphia.phillies.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20090617&content_id=5375344&vkey=news_phi&fext=.jsp&c_id=phi. Retrieved 2009-06-17.
^ Ryzik, Melena (February 2, 2008). "Just Fine as Tackles, but They Can Pass". New York Times (nytimes.com). http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/02/arts/television/02bark.html?_r=1&ei=5087&em=&en=a891faaab2498520&ex=1202101200&pagewanted=print. Retrieved 2009-09-03.
^ http://animal.discovery.com/tv/puppy-bowl/about.html About Puppy Bowl VI: Animal Planet
^ "Harry Kalas died of cardiovascular disease". Yahoo Sports. Associated Press. 2009-04-14.
^ Seidel, Jeff (2009-04-13). "Phils pull out emotional win over Nats". Phillies.MLB.com. Major League Baseball. http://philadelphia.phillies.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20090412&content_id=4245470&vkey=recap&fext=.jsp&c_id=phi. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
^ "Heart disease killed Harry". metro.us. April 15, 2009. http://www.metro.us/us/article/2009/04/15/07/0601-82/index.xml?print=1. Retrieved 2009-09-03.
^ "Kalas, longtime Phillies voice, dies at 73". ESPN. ESPN.com. April 14, 2009. http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=4064793.
^ Tom Mahon (2009-11-16). "Honoring Harry". Philadelphia Daily News. http://www.philly.com/philly/sports/phillies/20091116_Honoring_Harry.html.
External links
HarryKalas.com
Baseball Hall of Fame: Frick Award Recipient
Baseball Prospectus: Obituary
NFL Network: Tribute to Harry Kalas - The Voice
Philly.com: "Remembering Harry" Section
WHYY: Hometown Legends: Harry Kalas (1936-2009)
Harry Kalas at Find a Grave
Links to related articles
v d e
Philadelphia Phillies
Formerly the Philadelphia Quakers Based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
The franchise
History Seasons Records Players Management Opening Day starters First-round picks No-hitters Award winners and league leaders
Ballparks
Recreation Park Baker Bowl Shibe Park Veterans Stadium Citizens Bank Park
Spring Training: Coffee Pot Park Rickwood Field McKechnie Field Wilmington Park Flamingo Field Clearwater Athletic Field Jack Russell Memorial Stadium Carpenter Complex / Bright House Field
Culture
700 Level Phillie Phanatic Curse of Billy Penn Hot Pants Patrol Whiz Kids Baseball Wall of Fame Sports Hall of Fame Philadelphia Phillies (NFL) Franchise awards
Rivalries
Metshillies rivalry City Series
Important figures
Grover Cleveland Alexander Dick Allen Richie Ashburn Dan Baker Bob Boone Larry Bowa Jim Bunning Pat Burrell Johnny Callison Steve Carlton Bob Carpenter Gavvy Cravath Darren Daulton Lenny Dykstra Del Ennis Jim Fregosi Dallas Green Cole Hamels Von Hayes Ryan Howard Willie Jones Harry Kalas Chuck Klein John Kruk Brad Lidge Greg Luzinski Garry Maddox Gary Matthews Gene Mauch Tug McGraw Pat Moran Paul Owens Robin Roberts Jimmy Rollins Pete Rose Eddie Sawyer Curt Schilling Mike Schmidt Chase Utley Mitch Williams
Retired numbers
1 14 20 32 36 42 P P
Key personnel
Owner: Bill Giles President: David Montgomery General Manager: Rubn Amaro, Jr. Manager: Charlie Manuel
World Series
championships (2)
1980 2008
NL pennants (7)
1915 1950 1980 1983 1993 2008 2009
Minor league
affiliates
Lehigh Valley IronPigs (AAA) Reading Phillies (AA) Clearwater Threshers (A) Lakewood BlueClaws (A) Williamsport Crosscutters (A) Gulf Coast League Phillies (Rookie) VSL Phillies (Rookie) DSL Phillies (Rookie) Minor league rosters
Broadcasting
Television
Comcast SportsNet Philadelphia WPHL-TV Comcast Network
Radio
WPHT-AM WUBA-AM Phillies radio network affiliates
Broadcasters:
TV: Tom McCarthy Chris Wheeler Gary Matthews
Radio: Scott Franzke Larry Andersen
Seasons (128)
1880s
1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889
1890s
1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899
1900s
1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909
1910s
1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919
1920s
1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929
1930s
1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939
1940s
1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949
1950s
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
1960s
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
1970s
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
1980s
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
1990s
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
2000s
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2010s
2010
v d e
Philadelphia Phillies Hall of Famers
Inductees in Phillies cap
Richie Ashburn Jim Bunning Steve Carlton Chuck Klein Robin Roberts Mike Schmidt Sam Thompson
Inductees who played for the Phillies
Grover Cleveland Alexander Sparky Anderson Dave Bancroft Chief Bender Dan Brouthers Roger Connor Ed Delahanty Hugh Duffy Johnny Evers Elmer Flick Jimmie Foxx Billy Hamilton Ferguson Jenkins Hughie Jennings Tim Keefe Nap Lajoie Tommy McCarthy Joe Morgan Kid Nichols Tony Prez Eppa Rixey Ryne Sandberg Casey Stengel Lloyd Waner Hack Wilson
Phillies' managers
Bucky Harris Harry Wright
Frick Award
By Saam Harry Kalas
Spink Award
Allen Lewis (Philadelphia Inquirer) Ray Kelly (Philadelphia Bulletin) Bus Saidt (The Trentonian and Trenton Times)
v d e
Members of the Philadelphia Baseball Wall of Fame
Inducted as
Phillies
Roberts Ashburn Klein Alexander Ennis Bunning Delahanty Williams Hamner Owens Carlton Schmidt Bowa Short Simmons Allen Jones Thompson Callison Luzinski McGraw Cravath Maddox Taylor Magee Hamilton Boone Green Vukovich Samuel Kalas
Inducted as
Athletics
Mack Foxx Grove Simmons Cochrane Dykes Plank Waddell Collins Moses Johnson Valo Bender Coombs Baker Shantz Joost Rommel Fain Miller Chapman Earnshaw Zernial Walberg Oldring
v d e
Baseball Hall of Fame Class of 2002
BBWAA Vote
Ozzie Smith (91.74%)
Veterans Committee
none
J. G. Taylor Spink Award
Joe Falls
Ford C. Frick Award
Harry Kalas
v d e
Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Class of 2004
Paul Arizin Richie Ashburn Chuck Bednarik Bert Bell Steve Carlton Wilt Chamberlain Bobby Clarke Billy Cunningham Julius Erving Jimmie Foxx Joe Frazier Tom Gola Sonny Hill Harry Kalas John B. Kelly, Sr. Connie Mack Bernie Parent Robin Roberts Mike Schmidt Bill Tilden Steve Van Buren
Categories: 1936 births | 2009 deaths | American radio sports announcers | American television sports announcers | Greek Americans | Houston Astros broadcasters | Major League Baseball announcers | National Football League announcers | NFL Films | Notre Dame Fighting Irish football broadcasters | People from Naperville, Illinois | Philadelphia Phillies broadcasters | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania radio personalities | United States Army soldiers | University of Iowa alumni | Deaths from myocardial infarction | People from Delaware County, PennsylvaniaHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009