Cosmetics industry faces consolidation trend

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    In the second year of accession to the WTO, domestic products, joint ventures and foreign brands of the collision in turn Flaring how bright spark?

Chinese cosmetics companies difficult, due to large capital investment, many companies are reluctant to take risks, resulting in a local brand in the low-end market, get into real trouble and can not hit high-end market.

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Although the current domestic price of the brand and network advantages, but with the full implementation of the localization strategy of transnational corporations, these advantages would be lost. ptfe lined

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For most brands and take the professional road, implementation of market strategy to fill a vacancy is a pragmatic, in order to establish a national brand will face even greater difficulties.



With the change in sales channels, particularly in the wholesale market shrinking and stores the formation of simply relying on advertising has gone era of consumer driven, integrated marketing, domestic enterprises to become placed in front of a new topic. For each enterprise, to create a strong brand, brand strategy will be the only way for future development.

Select a Heart sunglasses

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   Sunglasses prices vary widely, finders will be able to buy more than ten yuan, while in the eyeglasses store, the hundreds of hundred dollars. So, in the end product itself, how much gap? What are the factors to consider to buy sunglasses? UV protection is an essential feature?

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Material from the different prices in different price point of view, boutique resin sunglasses lenses are also the cheapest of the sixties and seventies yuan, a maximum of two hundred dollars. Stall on the sunglasses starting from 10 yuan. Why such a big price difference, in addition to operating costs, there are brands of factors, most importantly, lenses and frames in different materials. Optical shop, according to the relevant personnel, sunglasses, lenses of ordinary plastic film lenses, resin lenses and the use of polarizing technology lenses, at sidewalk stands, many cheap sunglasses films are mostly film, while the professional optical shops are mostly resin, its optical permeability better than the film. The polarized lenses grade even higher level, prices are also slightly more expensive. cotton chenille

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Lens quality standards, according to quality control personnel, the quality of the lens, the state has standards, including the light permeability, traffic signal transmittance, ultraviolet transmittance ratio. Sunglasses can be divided into three types: light-colored sunglasses, sun mirror, and special-purpose sunglasses (skiing, mountain climbing, etc.).



Popular sunglasses mainly refers to a light-colored sunglasses, require light transmission ratio greater than 40%, and asked wavelength 290 ~ 315nm UV transmittance is less than equal to 30%.



For the anti-UV, quality control personnel believe that even ordinary glass, part of the film can also filter ultraviolet light, while the special treatment of the lens for more than 80% UV protection, so the election can consider choosing sunglasses by adding anti-UV lens material, If we think the price is too high, you can also select ordinary lenses, it can also prevent a portion of ultraviolet light injection.



According to Lian Xing frame the election for many people, wearing sunglasses mainly for aesthetics, therefore, selected according to their characteristics of a suitable Lianxing sunglasses is very important. Of course, different programs have different effects, the following programs are available for reference: Round face, square glasses frame the election, you can make your face look a little angular. Is best not to choose the radio frame, or make your face appear more round.



Inverted triangle face and jaw taper to avoid wearing large glasses frame, otherwise it will exaggerate the amount of the Department, and the choice will be small visual spectacle frames will play a role in narrowing the width of the forehead.



Triangular face, narrow forehead, this Lian Xing, such as selecting the square frame, it will make your forehead look narrow width of some, in order to coordinate the facial contour.



If it is biased in favor of a square face, oblong, you can use some of the more wide frame, vision can be reduced to play the role of Lian Xing. If Lian Xing is not too long may make use of more refined small frame, for example, the smaller oval-shaped frame lenses can make the face look soft number.

The rapid development of Lunjiao town of woodworking machinery, logistics industry has become a propeller

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    With the rise of London woodworking machinery industry, with this complementary logistics industry also developed rapidly. In the woodworking machinery driving the logistics industry, the logistics industry has become the rapid development of woodworking machinery "propeller."

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As we all know, several years ago, London has become the country's famous city of woodworking machinery. London Woodworking Machinery characterized mainly in the following aspects: First, a large scale, there are nearly one hundred large and small enterprises at home. Second is to focus on the industry's many well-known enterprises and famous brands. Third, international trade major. 4 is a high technological content. Has a number of renowned domestic and foreign products. 5 is a complete industrial chain, product design, R & D, parts, logistics and other upstream and downstream industries are developed. halogen spotlight

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With the expansion of enterprise scale, since the turn of the century began, London woodworking machinery business transactions come from past customers ordering outside the area developed to set up an office, agent. Logistics is also a business from past clients or their own transportation to the professional logistics company.



London accounted for woodworking machinery, according to more than 40% of freight shipping company CEOs London Kanawa, at present, London most of the woodworking machinery is through a professional logistics company sent all over the country.



It is a win-win result, logistics companies, increase the total logistics. While London woodworking machinery industry is concerned, at least the following advantages, first, cost savings, due to the scale of operation, rising oil prices driving up transportation costs of today, far below the cost of professional logistics enterprise's own delivery. Second, is timely, Fuzhou, for example, to send or commission if the business since the mixing movement, at least 5 days, and professional logistics company Kanawa freight only 2 days to arrive. Third, expand the sales volume. Jinlun East line of the company to open before the London sales of products in Jiangsu and Zhejiang less than 15%. But the opening of Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fuzhou, after a few green logistics in recent years, London in the Jiangsu and Zhejiang in woodworking machinery sales surged, accounting for more than 30% of the total.

Dadong District, Shenyang City embarked on full-speed auto industry

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    April 2, 2008 in Shenyang City learned Dadong interview with Brilliance China Automotive Junjie FRV hatchback's first official off the assembly line, on the Pak Shing Tong smooth progress of two projects, located in the region this year, the three major automobile plant full expansion. In response to this demand, Dadong has started to build a set of advanced auto parts, research and development, logistics, sales and service in one of the automotive industry gathering area, the United States Johnson chairs, Peter France, Europe and some other exterior auto industry race to complete the project settled in the near future will be under construction.

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    The automotive industry is in Shenyang City, Liaoning Province as well as the pattern of industrial economic development in the important pole. Shenyang City in 2008 government work report has also clearly stated the next five years to accelerate the eastern part of the automobile industry cluster development to raise matching capabilities, focused on creating an output of hundreds of billions of complete vehicles and parts industry cluster. To achieve this goal, the region has a Brilliance Jinbei, Brilliance BMW, the Tong Sheng three major automobile plant in North Dadong long way to go. Last year, the three major automobile assembly plant to achieve output of 275,000, an increase of 39.4%; to achieve output of 38.99 billion yuan, an increase of 40.4%. Value of the three major automobile plant in excess of billions of dollars more than the size of vehicle production Dadong gross industrial output value accounted for 54.9%. Last year, production value of auto parts enterprises in the area 3.3 billion, an increase of 95%. magnetic hematite beads

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    Dadong automotive industry from the development and construction of headquarters learned, along with the March 31 first hatchback Brilliance officially off the assembly line, the current domestic brands the highest degree of automation of automobile production line Junjie FRV production line officially put into operation, the production line designed annual production capacity of to 10 million. Meanwhile, the two projects on the Pak Shing Tong will also be completed within this year, building toward the production, the project design annual production capacity of 12 million units, the expansion capacity of up to 15 million. To the end of the year, Dadong vehicle production capacity will at least increase by 20 million.



    OEMs continued expansion of the auto parts, automotive logistics and related services has set higher requirements. Dadong currently within the concept of a road for the spring axis, the road east of Beijing University, East Hope Street as the core, the European Union Economic Development Zone of Shenyang, an important part of the eastern part of Motor City has already begun to take shape. The world's top 500 enterprises to invest in the project the United States Johnson chairs, Yanfeng Visteon Automotive Trim, the world's largest manufacturer of automotive exterior investment projects in France, Peter Europe and the Shanghai Yi Feng exterior mold, a large number of projects such as Baoshan Iron and Steel 2 competing into the area, investment in 100 billion yuan, known as the Northeast Auto Parts automotive market "aircraft carrier" Shenyang Automotive Auto Parts Expo Center Guorui, will also be in August this year to achieve a soft opening. Settled in these high-end projects, not only increase the total amount of regional industry, but also strongly attracted more 2, 3 supporting enterprises to Motor City gathering.



    Increasingly complete industrial chain, as the rapid development of auto industry Dadong strong support and strong skeleton. This year, the district will focus on the introduction of the BMW system parts and components manufacturers to achieve a breakthrough to play the advantages of the three major automobile plants, the introduction of engines, transmissions and other core components to achieve a breakthrough. It is learned that the area will benefit from scientific and technological development funds, funds set aside a special industrial development, support the development of automobile and parts industries, and focus on development of the automobile research and development, display, sales, auto parts trade and logistics functions such as complete vehicle service system, promote finance, insurance, training, service industries such as the healthy development of automobile plants in order to achieve the "big package" and the sharing of scientific resources.

Crushing machine industry has been promising

China Product






2009 fixed-asset investment growth and recovery in the manufacturing sector, metal mining non-metallic mineral development, driving the growth of the mining machinery industry, this time, the proportion of mining machinery fixed-asset investment began to speed up the increase in value-added enterprises ore crusher and profit growth also accelerated, and thus, for the year 2010 continued growth in demand for machinery products has laid a solid foundation. socket 462 motherboards

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2009 Mining machinery industry sales growth month by month trend of expansion is clear, 1-October to complete the sale value of machinery industry 835.2 billion yuan, an increase of 11.9%. We expect that in 2010 industry revenues increased 20%, profit growth will exceed income growth, reaching about 25%. intel 478 motherboard



Machinery of various sub-sectors of the obvious differences in growth performance, growth momentum is the best ore crusher industries, the accumulated growth rate of 23.2%, engineering machinery and heavy equipment, mining crushing growth rates were 19.5% and 14.4%, in addition, the basis of pieces of machinery, apparatus, packaging and machine tool industry growth rates are all over 10%.



Construction Machinery, one of the ore crushing machine is the first revival in 2009, growth momentum of the best industry, sustained recovery is still in the same period last year to further expand growth; broken machinery in the first half of next year is expected to remain above 20% growth; light of the recent regulation and growth in the real estate point of view, will give the construction machinery increased uncertainty for the crusher to add pressure on industry growth, it also brings opportunities. In 2009 the rapid development of mining crusher is expected in 2010 with the machinery of various sub-sectors of manufacturing industries overall warming, broken machine industry's growth will be unpredictable. Crushing machine industry will continue to be profitable.



The end of 2009 the integration of coal resources in Shanxi Province, Liming Heavy Industry Science and Technology have conducted a comprehensive survey, many of the coal bosses want to switch to the highway, the railway construction, while the rock crusher is a highway, the railway construction sand and gravel bone material production of important equipment.



Therefore, Liming Heavy Industry Science and Technology will be optimistic about the growth of machinery industry in 2010 and long-term development prospects, the industry's growth has obvious appeal of the valuation, we will be under the guidance of the scientific orientation, through the "pious, fine, tight, harmonious" The craft-work, slowly build up to make your charmed, aftertaste of fruit - "Dawn Heavy Construction Machinery Science and Technology of ore crusher." To this end, we will be diligent and never relaxed. We "Made in China" Forging the tripod in the world for the field of vision, and standardize management, credit management, establish a model of machinery industry.

Decaffeination

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Roselius process

The first commercially successful decaffeination process was invented by Ludwig Roselius and Karl Wimmer in 1903. It involved steaming coffee beans with a brine (salt water) solution and then using benzene as a solvent to remove the caffeine. Coffee decaffeinated this way was sold as Kaffee HAG after the company name Kaffee Handels-Aktien-Gesellschaft (Coffee Trading Company) in most of Europe, as Caf Sanka in France and later as Sanka brand coffee in the U.S. Caf HAG and Sanka are now worldwide brands of Kraft Foods. Due to health concerns regarding benzene, this process is no longer used commercially and Coffee Hag and Sanka are produced using a different process.

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The Swiss Water Process is a method of decaffeinating coffee beans developed by the Swiss Water Decaffeinated Coffee Company. To decaffeinate the coffee bean by the Swiss Water method, a batch of green (unroasted) beans is soaked in hot water, releasing caffeine. When all the caffeine and coffee solids are released into the water, the beans are discarded. The water then passes through a carbon filter that traps caffeine but lets the coffee solids pass through. The resulting solution, called "green coffee extract (GCE)" by the company, is now available for decaffeinating coffee. New green coffee beans are introduced to the GCE. Since the GCE is coffee solids without caffeine only the caffeine diffuses from the new beans. The GCE passes through proprietary carbon which captures the caffeine. The process repeats, filtering out all the caffeine until the beans are 99.9% caffeine-free. These beans are removed and dried, and thus retain most if not all of their flavor. wholesale wicker baskets

Although the process was pioneered in Switzerland in the 1930s, today the world's only Swiss Water Process decaffeination facility is based near Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. wire hanging basket

Direct method

In the direct method, the coffee beans are first steamed for 30 minutes and then repeatedly rinsed with either methylene chloride (Dichloromethane/DCM) or ethyl acetate for about 10 hours. The solvent is then drained away and the beans steamed for an additional 10 hours to remove any residual solvent. Sometimes coffees that are decaffeinated using ethyl acetate are referred to as naturally processed because ethyl acetate can be derived from various fruits or vegetables; but, because of the impracticality of gathering natural ethyl acetate, the chemical used for decaffeination is synthetic.

Indirect method

In the indirect method, beans are first soaked in hot water for several hours, in essence, making a strong pot of coffee. Then the beans are removed and either methylene chloride or ethyl acetate is used to extract the caffeine from the water. As in other methods, the caffeine can then be separated from the organic solvent by simple evaporation. The same water is recycled through this two-step process with new batches of beans. An equilibrium is reached after several cycles, where the water and the beans have a similar composition except for the caffeine. After this point, the caffeine is the only material removed from the beans, so no coffee strength or other flavorings are lost. Because water is used in the initial phase of this process, sometimes indirect method decaffeination is referred to as "water-processed" even though chemicals are used.

CO2 process

This process is technically known as supercritical fluid extraction. Pre-steamed beans are soaked in a bath of supercritical carbon dioxide at a pressure of 73 to 300 atmospheres. After a thorough soaking for around ten hours, the pressure is reduced allowing the CO2 to evaporate, or the pressurized CO2 is run through either water or charcoal filters to remove the caffeine. The carbon dioxide is then used on another batch of beans. This liquid works better than water because it is kept in supercritical state near the transition from liquid to gas, combining favorable diffusivity properties of the gas with increased density of a liquid. This process has the advantage that it avoids the use of potentially harmful solvents.

Triglyceride process

Green coffee beans are soaked in a hot water/coffee solution to draw the caffeine to the surface of the beans. Next, the beans are transferred to another container and immersed in coffee oils that were obtained from spent coffee grounds.

After several hours of high temperatures, the triglycerides in the oils remove the caffeine - but not the flavor elements - from the beans. The beans are separated from the oils and dried. The caffeine is removed from the oils, which are reused to decaffeinate another batch of beans. This is a direct contact method of decaffeination.

Decaffeinated tea

Tea may also be decaffeinated, usually by using processes analogous to the Direct Method or the CO2 process as described above. Fermentation (i.e., the process of oxidizing tea leaves to create "black," "white," or "oolong" tea leaves from green leaves) does not affect the amount of caffeine in the tea, though tea plant species (i.e., Camellia sinensis sinensis vs. Camellia sinensis assamica) may differ in natural caffeine content. Younger leaves and buds contain more caffeine per weight than older leaves and stems. Also, certain processes during production might lend a hand in either decreasing the caffeine content directly or simply lowering the rate at which it is released throughout each infusion. Several instances in China where this is evident is in many cooked pu'er teas, as well as more heavily fired Wuyi Mountain oolongs; commonly referred to as 'zhonghuo' (mid-fired) or 'zuhuo' (high-fired).[citation needed] A generally accepted statistic is that a cup of tea contains 4050 mg of caffeine, roughly half the content of a cup of coffee. Although a common technique of discarding a short (30 to 60-second) steep is believed to reduce caffeine content in a subsequent brew by 8090%, research suggests that a five-minute steep yields up to 70% of the caffeine, and a second steep has one-third the caffeine of the first (about 23% of the total caffeine in the leaves).,

Caffeine content of decaffeinated coffee

Almost all brands of decaffeinated coffee still contain some caffeine. Drinking five to ten cups of decaffeinated coffee could deliver as much caffeine as would one or two cups of regular coffee, according to research at the University of Florida Maples Center for Forensic Medicine. In one independent research on 10 popular decaffeinated coffees, researchers found that all but one contained caffeine. The 16-ounce (473-milliliter) cups of coffee samples contained caffeine in the range of 8.6 milligrams to 13.9 milligrams. In another similar study of popular brands of decaf coffees, the caffeine content was anywhere from 3 milligrams up to 32 milligrams.

The need to remove caffeine could vanish if coffee growers begin using a naturally caffeine-free bean first produced in June 2004.

See also

Coffee substitute

References

^ "Scientists discover decaf coffee bean". Guardian Unlimited. June 24, 2004. http://www.guardian.co.uk/food/Story/0,2763,1246214,00.html. 

^ History of the SWISS WATER Decaffeination Process , Jan 04, 2007

^ "Coffee Decaffeination". http://www.criticalprocesses.com/coffee%20decaffeination.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-17. 

^ Upton Tea Imports (2003). "Tea and Caffeine". Upton Tea Imports Newsletter 16 (1). http://uptontea.com/shopcart/information/INFOnl_V13N1_Article_page1.asp. Retrieved 2007-01-26. 

^ "FAQ at imperial tea court", www.imperialtea.com, 2002

^ Monique B. Hicks, Y-H. Peggy Hsieh and Leonard N. Bell (1996). "Tea preparation and its influence on methylxanthine concentration (abstract)". Food Research International 29 (34). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T6V-46JPB2K-D&_user=10&_coverDate=05%2F31%2F1996&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=0ca4de994ca292ec69472d19d7c2cd87. Retrieved 2007-08-22. 

^ M. B. Hicks, Y-H. P. Hsieh, L. N. Bell, Tea preparation and its influence on methylxanthine concentration, Food Research International 29(3-4) 325-330 (1996)

^ "Study: Decaf coffee is not caffeine-free" UPI, October 10, 2006, at ScienceDaily.com. viewed 28/06/2007

^ "Study: Decaf coffee is not caffeine-free" October 15, 2006, at ScienceDaily.com. viewed Jan 12, 2008

^ "Are You Really Getting Caffeine-Free Decaf Coffee?" Independent research on 10 popular decaffeinated coffees. Viewed Aug 05, 2008

^ "Naturally decaffeinated coffee plant discovered", NewScientist.com, June 23, 2004

Ramalakshmi K., Raghavan B. (1999). "Caffeine in coffee: Its removal. Why and how?". Critical Rev. Food Sci. Nutrition 39: 441456. doi:10.1080/10408699991279231. 

v  d  e

Coffee

Production by country

Brazil  Colombia  Costa Rica  Ecuador  El Salvador  Ethiopia  Guatemala  Haiti  India  Indonesia  Jamaica  Kenya  Papua New Guinea  Philippines   USA  Vietnam

Coffee topics

History of coffee  Economics of coffee  Coffee and health  Coffee and the environment

Species and varieties

List of varieties  Coffea arabica: Kenya AA, Kona, Jamaican Blue Mountain  Coffea canephora (Coffea robusta): Kopi Luwak  Coffea liberica: Kape Barako  Single-origin

Major chemicals in coffee

Cafestol  Caffeic acid  Caffeine

Coffee processing

Coffee roasting  Decaffeination  Home roasting coffee

Coffee preparation

Coffeemaker  Coffee percolator  Espresso (lungo, ristretto)  Espresso machine  Drip brew  French press  Turkish coffee  Vacuum coffee maker  Instant coffee  Chemex  Moka pot  AeroPress  Presso  Knockbox

Popular coffee beverages

Affogato  Americano  Bicerin  C ph s   Caf au lait  Caf con leche  Caf Cubano  Cafe mocha  Caff corretto  Caff macchiato  Cappuccino  Carajillo  Coffee milk  Cortado  Espresso  Flat white  Frappuccino  Galo  Greek frapp coffee  Iced coffee  Indian filter coffee  Ipoh white coffee  Irish coffee  Latte  Latte macchiato  Liqueur coffee  Long black  Red eye  Ristretto

Coffee substitutes

Barley tea  Barleycup  Caro  Chicory  Dandelion coffee  Pero  Postum  Roasted grain beverage

Coffee and lifestyle

Barista  Caf  Caff  Caff sospeso  Coffee break  Coffee ceremony  Coffee culture  Coffee cupping  Coffee Palace  Coffeehouse  Fika  Kopi tiam  List of coffeehouse chains  Viennese caf

Categories: Chemical processes | Coffee productionHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008 | Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009

Atkinson friction factor

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Atkinson friction factor is a measure of the resistance to airflow of a duct. It is widely used in the mine ventilation industry but is rarely referred to outside of it.

Atkinson friction factor is represented by the symbol k and has the same units as air density (kilograms per cubic metre in SI units, pounds per cubic foot in Imperial units). It is related to the more widespread Fanning friction factor by hanging shoe holder

in which is the density of air in the shaft or roadway under consideration and f is Fanning friction factor (dimensionless). It is related to the Darcy friction factor by panasonic lumix lx2

in which is the Darcy friction factor (dimensionless). leather pda holder

It was introduced by John J Atkinson in an early mathematical treatment of mine ventilation (1862) and has been known under his name ever since.

See also

Atkinson resistance

References

NCB Mining Dept., Ventilation in coal mines: a handbook for colliery ventilation officers, National Coal Board 1979.

Further reading

1999 paper giving the derivation of k

Atkinson, J J, Gases met with in Coal Mines, and the general principles of Ventilation Transactions of the Manchester Geological Society, Vol. III, p.218, 1862

Categories: Fluid dynamics | Mine ventilation