Weatherstripping

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Automotive weatherstripping

Automobiles have weatherstripping on all openings between interior and exterior locations. Consider a standard 4 door vehicle: the doors may require 20 feet or more per door depending on the size of the opening. Windows will require upwards of 10 feet. Trunks require large amounts. Automotive weatherstipping has added difficulties that must be considered in the engineering of the parts. For example, the weatherstrip must function equally at keeping rain out when the vehicle is parked as when it is screaming down the autobahn. Automotive weatherstripping must endure extreme temperatures (hot and cold); be resistant to automotive liquids such as oil, gasoline, and particularly windshield washerfluid; and must resist years of full sun exposure. Automobile designers wish to have design continuity: all weatherseals should appear the same. This is a problem as they will likely be manufactured of different materials by different manufacturers. Likely the most significant issue is that of noise. After paint quality, interior noise is the second most important factor in car quality as perceived by the consumer. When automobiles go over bumps the car flexs and vibrates causing relative motions between the relatively fixed body and movable parts like doors, windows, and sunroofs. This movement could allow water in the vehicle so the weatherstrip must compensate by filling the gap. What is worse, this relative movement can cause noises such as squeaks, rattles, and itches to be heard within the vehicle. Many of these issues can be alleviated if the weatherstrip manufacturer coats the weatherstrip with specialty coatings. These coatings bond to the weatherstrip, provide chemical and UV resistance, decrease the coefficient of friction reducing the force required to open or close doors, and reduce or eliminate noise associated with weatherstripping. Not all vehicles have coated weatherstripping which means the weatherstripping is much more likely to cause the above mentioned issues along with others such as premature failure of the paint causing rusting. This is a very surprising situation given that the cost of the coating is less than 1 to 3 dollars per vehicle whereas the rubber and steel is tens of dollars (an entire car set of weatherstripping may be worth 100 to 300 dollars in the total cost of the vehicle which includes all labour and costs of the manufacturing equipement).

Automotive weatherstripping is commonly made of EPDM, TPE, TPO. Sunroof weatherstripping can also be made of silicone due to the extreme heat that parts on automobile roofs commonly encounter. Coatings for weatherstripping must adhere to all of these weatherstrip materials. Such coatings are commonly available (silicone is very difficult to adhere to, however at least one coating is commercially available for this purpose), however, like other paints and coatings, a large variety coatings are available and these have a large variety of coating performances. Poorly performing weatherstripping should be reported to the car dealership if the vehicle is under warranty as fixes may be known. upvc windows and doors

Weatherstripping in buildings awning windows

The materials used in weatherstripping are thresholds, a piece of material, either a sweep or a J-hook, to match the door to the threshold, and the actual weathstripping itself. japanese roof tile

Every exterior door, or door to an uninsulated room such as an attic, must be weatherstripped as required by code enforcement in various states of U.S. Doors can usually be divided into private homes and commercial properties. Some of these doors receive custom weatherstripping at the factory.

Custom weatherstripping

Custom weatherstripping, contrary to pre-weatherstripped units, require much more time and is considered to be a specialized skill.

Weatherstrippers install a threshold, cut the door and install a sweep or J-hook to the bottom of the door, and nail spring-steel bronze into the door jamb to seal the gap.

Pre-Weatherstripped doors

Pre-weatherstripped doors for private homes are usually made of fiberglass or a similar material and are shipped from the factory weatherstripped, hence the re-weatherstripped. The doors have a [kerf] in the door stop so that a foam, rubber, or vinyl strip can be placed inside for the door to rest against when closed. These doors also have the threshold - usually a molded piece of plastic - nailed to the frame in the factory. These units are not difficult to install and require very little skill for a trim carpenter where a weather-stripper is required for custom weatherstripping.

Categories: Architectural elements

Philosophy of technology

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History

Considered under the rubric of the Greek term techne (art, or craft knowledge), the philosophy of technology goes to the very roots of Western philosophy.

In his Republic, Plato sees techne as the basis for the philosophers' proper rule in the city. tube bending equipment

In the Nicomachean Ethics (Book 6), Aristotle describes techne as one of the four ways that we can know about the world. cnc bender

The Stoics argued that virtue is a kind of techne based upon a proper understanding of the universe. hydraulic servo

20th century development

Whereas 19th Century philosophers such as Karl Marx were philosophically interested in tools and techniques, the most prominent 20th century philosophers to directly address modern technology were John Dewey and Martin Heidegger. Although both saw technology as central to modern life, (to speak roughly) Dewey was optimistic about the role of technology, while Heidegger was slightly more pessimistic. This is an oversimplification, however, as Heidegger can be seen as critical but open to technology. To Heidegger, technology's essence, Gestell or Enframing, is both the greatest danger and the greatest possibility for humankind. Dewey's work on technology was dispersed throughout his corpus, while Heidegger's major work on technology may be found in The Question Concerning Technology.

In the 1960s, Marshall McLuhan became a major radical voice in the field, with such works as the bestseller The Medium is the Message, as well as The Gutenberg Galaxy and Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man.

Contemporary philosophy

Contemporary philosophers with an interest in technology include Jean Baudrillard, Albert Borgmann, Andrew Feenberg, Langdon Winner, Donna Haraway, Avital Ronell, Don Ihde, Bruno Latour, Paul Levinson, Carl Mitcham, Leo Marx, Gilbert Simondon, Jacques Ellul and Bernard Stiegler.

While a number of important individual works were published in the second half of the twentieth century, Paul Durbin has identified two books published at the turn of the century as marking the development of the philosophy of technology as an academic subdiscipline with canonical texts ; these were Technology and the Good Life (2000), edited by Eric Higgs, Andrew Light, and David Strong and American Philosophy of Technology (2001) by Hans Achterhuis.

The development that recognised as a three stage (of Auguste Comte) is considered as a result of development of thinking and accumulation of philosophical achievements, by M. I. Sanduk . For Sanduk, the new development in science applications and sciences obstructions, led to philosophy of technology; so philosophy of technology may be the fourth stage of philosophy. This new philosophy has its logic that can not work without it.

Technology and neutrality

With improvements in technology comes progress and a great concern over its shadowing effect on society. Leila Green uses recent gun massacres such as 'the Port Arthur Massacre' and the 'Dunblane Massacre' to bring out the concepts of technological determinism and social determinism. Technological determinism argues that 'it was features of technology that determined its use and the role of a progressive society was to adapt to [and benefit from]technological change.'[Green, Leila (2001) Technoculture, Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest, p 2.]. The alternative perspective would be social determinism which looks upon society being at fault for the 'development and deployment'[Green, Leila (2001) Technoculture, Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest, p 3] of technologies. The reactions to the gun massacres were different in various regions, Tasmanian authorities made gun laws even stricter than before, while there was a demand in the US for the advocacy of fire arms. And here lies the split, both in opinion and in social dimension. According to Green, a technology can be thought of as a neutral entity only when the soci-cultural context and issues circulating the specific technology are removed, it will be then visible to us that there lies a relationship of social groups and power provided through the possession of technologies.

See also

Critique of technology

Ethics of technology

History of technology

Industrial sociology

Philosophy of engineering

Technological evolution

Theories of technology

References

^ Techn Vol 7 No 1

^ M. I. Sanduk, Is Philosophy of Technology a Fourth Stage of Comte's Philosophy development?, http://philpapers.org/profile/8751

Further reading

Joseph Agassi. (1985). Technology: Philosophical and Social Aspects, Episteme, Dordrecht: Kluwer. ISBN 90-277-2044-4.

Hans Achterhuis. (2001). American Philosophy of Technology Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-33903-4

Jan Kyrre Berg Olsen and Evan Selinger. (2006). Philosophy of Technology: 5 Questions. New York: Automatic Press / VIP,

Jan Kyrre Berg Olsen, Stig Andur Pedersen and Vincent F. Hendricks. (2009). A Companion to the Philosophy of Technology. Wiley-Blackwell.

Borgmann, Albert. (1984). Technology and the Character of Contemporary Life. University of Chicago Press.

Ellul, Jacques. (1964). The Technological Society. Vintage Books.

Feenberg, Andrew. (1999). Questioning Technology. Routledge Press.

Heidegger, Martin. (1977). The Question Concerning Technology. Harper and Row.

Hickman, Larry. (1992). John Dewey's Pragmatic Technology. Indiana University Press.

Eric Higgs, Andrew Light and David Strong. (2000). Technology and the Good Life. Chicago University Press.

David M. Kaplan, ed. (2004). Readings in the Philosophy of Technology. Rowman & Littlefield.

Manuel de Landa War in the Age of Intelligent Machines. (1991). Zone Books. ISBN 978-0942-29975-5.

Levinson, Paul. (1988). Mind at Large: Knowing in the Technological Age. JAI Press.

Lyotard, Jean-Franois. (1984). The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. University of Minnesota Press.

McLuhan, Marshall.

The Gutenberg Galaxy. (1962). Mentor.

Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. (1964). McGraw Hill.

Mitcham, Carl. (1994). Thinking Through Technology. University of Chicago Press.

Nye, David. (2006). Technology Matters. The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-64067-1

Scharff, Robert C. and Val Dusek eds. (2003). Philosophy of Technology: The Technological Condition. An Anthology. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-22219-4

Seemann, Kurt. (2003). Basic Principles in Holistic Technology Education. Journal of Technology Education, V14.No.2.

Simondon, Gilbert.

Du mode d'existence des objets techniques. (1958). (French)

L'individu et sa gense physico-biologique (l'individuation la lumire des notions de forme et d'information), (1964). Paris PUF (French)

Stiegler, Bernard, (1998). Technics and Time, 1: The Fault of Epimetheus. Stanford University Press.

Winner, Langdon. (1977). Autonomous Technology. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262-23078-0

Leila Green. (2001). Technoculture. Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest pp 120.

External links

Journals

Ends and Means

NetFuture - Technology and Human Responsibility

Techn: Research in Philosophy and Technology

Websites

"Philosophy of Technology" article by Maarten Franssen, Gert-Jan Lokhorst, Ibo van de Poel in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Society for Philosophy and Technology

Essays on the Philosophy of Technology compiled by Frank Edler

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