Tableware: Cigarette filter

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Filters in a new and used cigarette
A cigarette filter has the purpose of reducing the amount of smoke, tar, and fine particles inhaled during the combustion of a cigarette. Filters also reduce the harshness of the smoke.
Contents
1 History
2 Manufacture
3 "Light" cigarettes
4 Disposal
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
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History
In 1925 Hungarian inventor Boris Aivaz patented the process of making the cigarette filter from crepe paper, with some variants including cellulose wadding, during experiments at the Ortmann plant of Bunzl. Aivaz produced the first cigarette filter from 1927 in co-operation with Bunzl's Filtronic subsidiary, but up take was low due to a lack of machinery to produce cigarettes with the filtered tip.[1]
From 1935, a British company began developing a machine to make cigarettes that incorporated the tipped filter, but it was a specialty item until 1954, when manufacturers introduced it broadly following a spate of speculative announcements from doctors and researchers concerning a possible link between lung diseases and smoking. Since filtered cigarettes were considered "safer," by the 1960s, they dominated the market.
With classic filter cigarettes, the filter is covered with a cork-colored mouthpiece. Nowadays, some cigarette brands use a white mouth piece, especially those which are oriented to a predominantly female target group; it is also used to signify a menthol cigarette in the United Kingdom and a "light" cigarette in the United States.
Most factory-made cigarettes are equipped with a filter; those who roll their own can buy them in a tobacco shop.
Manufacture

Material of a used cigarette filter
The raw material for the manufacture of cigarette filters is cellulose (obtained from wood). The cellulose is acetylated, dissolved, and spun as continuous synthetic fibers arranged into a bundle called tow. The cellulose is a substituted diacetate (actually 2.35 - 2.55 substitution range) cellulose, due to its chemical and physical processing. This tow is opened, plasticized, shaped, and cut to length to act as a filter.
In the early 1950s Kent brand cigarettes used crocidolite asbestos as part of the (Micronite) filter. Asbestos fiber is heatproof, insoluble and forms extremely fine fibers but has been proven to cause lung cancer when inhaled.[2]
The U.S. Department of Agriculture price support for the various grades of tobacco favored the use of #4 and 5 grade, included what were known as sand lugs and floor sweepings at 10 cents/lb versus #1 grade at close to 70 cents[citation needed]. During the 1940s, it was less expensive to manufacture a filtered cigarette than a regular one.
"Light" cigarettes
In "light" cigarettes the filter is perforated with tiny holes in order to dilute the smoke with air. As such, the inhaled smoke contains less tar and nicotine. In theory, this should make the cigarette "safer" than full flavor ones. In practice, however, the average smoker compensates by inhaling more deeply or by covering parts of the holes with fingers or lips. Because of this, smokers of light cigarettes can be exposed to equal or greater doses of carcinogens and tar than they would be with medium tar cigarettes.[3]
Disposal
The cellulose acetate most cigarette filters are made from is a biodegradable resistant material. Depending on conditions, estimates for the time taken for them to degrade range from British American Tobacco's 10 months - 3 years[4], to 10-15 years[5].

A cigarette filter littered on the ground of the Dipsea Trail
This resistance to biodegrading is a factor in littering[6], environmental damage[7] and suggested lung damage[8][9]. In the 2006 International Coastal Cleanup, cigarettes and cigarette butts constituted 24.7% of the total collected garbage, over twice as much as any other category.[10]
See also
Cigarette holder
Nicotine
Tobacco smoking
List of cigarette smoke constituents
List of additives in cigarettes
References
^ "The History of Filters". tobaccoasia.com. http://www.tobaccoasia.com/news.asp?id=534. Retrieved on 2008-05-18.
^ Snopes.com: "Cigarette Filter Danger"
^ Rigotti NA, Tindle HA (March 2004). "The fallacy of "light" cigarettes". BMJ 328 (7440): E2789. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7440.E278. PMID 15016715. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/328/7440/E278.
^ British American Tobacco Cigarette Design
^ http://www.chicagotribune.com/features/lifestyle/chi-cigarette-butts-numbers-0618jun18,0,2241103.story How the butts stack up
^ Ceredigion County Council
^ Register KM (August 2000). "Cigarette Butts as Litteroxic as Well as Ugly". "Underwater Naturalist" Bulletin of the American Littoral Society 25 (2)....(and so on)