Tableware: Operation Pluto

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"PLUTO" redirects here. For Pluto (disambiguation), see PLUTO (disambiguation).
"Pipeline Under The Ocean" redirects here. For the 2005 rock album, see Pipeline Under the Ocean (album).

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Western Front
France - Rotterdam - Fort Eben-Emael - The Netherlands - Zeeland - Dunkirk - Italian Invasion of France - Britain - Dieppe Raid - Overlord - Dragoon - Siegfried Line - Market Garden - Aintree - Scheldt - Hurtgen Forest - Aachen - Bulge - Colmar Pocket - Nordwind - Invasion of Germany

A section of the pipe with the layers successively stripped back
Operation Pluto (Pipe-Lines Under The Ocean) was a World War II operation by British scientists, oil companies and armed forces to construct undersea oil pipelines under the English Channel between England and France. The scheme was developed by Arthur Hartley, chief engineer with the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, after Admiral Louis Mountbatten initiated the concept. Allied forces on the European continent required a tremendous amount of fuel. Pipelines were considered necessary to relieve dependence on oil tankers, which could be slowed by bad weather, were susceptible to German submarines, and were also needed in the Pacific War.
Contents
1 Development
2 Placement
3 In film
4 See also
5 Further reading
6 External links
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Development
Two types of pipeline were developed: the flexible HAIS pipe with a 3 inch (75mm) diameter lead core, weighing around 55 long tons per nautical mile (30 t/km), was essentially a development by Siemens Brothers (in conjunction with the National Physical Laboratory) of their existing undersea telegraph cables, and known as HAIS from Hartley-Anglo-Iranian-Siemens.
The second type was a less flexible steel pipe of similar diameter, developed by engineers from the Iraq Petroleum Company and the Burmah Oil Company, known as HAMEL from the contraction of the two chief engineers, HA Hammick and BJ Ellis. It was discovered in testing that the HAMEL pipe was best used with final sections of HAIS pipe each end. Because of the rigidity of the HAMEL pipe, a special apparatus code-named The ConunDrum was developed (Picture).
The first prototypes were tested in May 1942 (across the River Medway), and in June in deep water across the Firth of Clyde, before going into production. Because of capacity limitations in the UK, some HAIS pipeline was also manufactured in the United States.
In June 1942 the Post Office cable ship Iris laid lengths of both Siemens and Henleys cable in the Clyde. Both pipelines were completely successful and the Pipeline Under the Ocean, PLUTO, was formally brought into the plans for the invasion of Europe. The project was deemed trategically important, tactically adventurous, and, from the industrial point of view, strenuous. The Clyde trials showed that it was necessary to maintain an internal pressure of about one hundred pounds per square inch in the pipeline at all times, even during manufacture. Also, existing cable ships were not large enough, nor were their loading and laying gear sufficiently powerful and robust. Consequently a number of merchant ships were converted to pipe-laying by stripping the interiors and building in large cylindrical steel tanks, fitting special hauling gear and suitable sheaves and guides. It was to Johnson and Phillips that the Petroleum Warfare Department turned for special gear to handle and lay the pipe. As the pipe could not be bent to a smaller radius than five feet; a new haul-off drum of ten-feet diameter and fleeting ring, together with roller type bow and stern gear, were produced, and the final equipment fitted to HMSHoldfast.
Full-scale production of the two-inch pipe was started on the 14th August 1942, and six weeks later, on the 30th October a thirty-mile length was loaded on board HMSHoldfast under the command of Commander Treby-Heale OBE, RNR, which was to be used as a full-scale rehearsal of Operation PLUTO. This trial took place between 26 December and 30 December, the thirty-mile length being laid across the Bristol Channel, in very bad and rough weather, and the shore ends being connected up at Swansea and Ilfracombe. Those on board to monitor the test were Mr. Hartley (Anglo-Iranian Oil), Mr. Tombs (Anglo-Iranian Oil), Mr. Colby (Iraq Petroleum), Mr. Betson (Post Office), Commander Hardy (Admiralty) and Mr. Whitehead OBE (Johnson and Phillips), who had designed the pipe handling equipment.
The rehearsal was a success, so much so that a three-inch (76mm) pipe rather than two was considered. This reduced the number of pipelines needed to pump the planned volume of petrol across the channel. This decision necessitated further alterations and additions to the pipeline handling gear. Two further ships were equipped with handling gear, these being HMSSancroft and HMSLatimer, both of which could handle 100miles (160km)...(and so on)