China Product
Basic Principles
An object can be located by measuring the characteristics of received radio waves. The radio waves may be transmitted by the object to be located, or they may be backscattered waves (as in radar or passive RFID). The received signal strength (RSSI) may be used to estimate distance if the transmitted power and dependence of signal strength on distance is known. The time of arrival (TOA) can provide a distance estimate if the time of transmission and speed of propagation are known. Combining TOA data from several receivers at different known locations (differential time of arrival, DTOA) can provide an estimate of position even in the absence of knowledge of the time of transmission. The angle of arrival (AOA) at a receiving station can be determined by the use of a directional antenna, or by differential time of arrival at an array of antennas with known location. AOA information may be combined with distance estimates from the techniques previously described to establish the location of a transmitter or backscatterer. Alternatively, the AOA at two receiving stations of known location establishes the position of the transmitter. The use of multiple receivers to locate a transmitter is known as multilateration.
Various challenges are encountered in each location technique. Use of RSSI to locate a transmitter from a single receiver requires that both the transmitted (or backscattered) power from the object to be located are known, and that the propagation characteristics of the intervening region are known. In empty space, signal strength decreases as the inverse square of the distance for distances large compared to a wavelength and compared to the object to be located, but in most real environments, a number of impairments can occur: absorption, refraction, shadowing, and reflection. Absorption is negligible for radio propagation in air at frequencies less than about 10 GHz, but becomes important at multi-GHz frequencies where rotational molecular states can be excited. Refraction is important at long ranges (10's to 100's of kilometers) due to gradients in moisture content and temperature in the atmosphere. In urban, mountainous, or indoor environments, obstruction by intervening obstacles and reflection from nearby surfaces are very common, and contribute to multipath distortion: that is, reflected and delayed replicates of the transmitted signal are combined at the receiver. Signals from different paths can add constructively or destructively: such variations in amplitude are known as fading. The dependence of signal strength on position of transmitter and receiver becomes complex and often non-monotonic, making single-receiver estimates of position inaccurate and unreliable. Multilateration using many receivers is often combined with calibration measurements ("fingerprinting") to improve accuracy. visual fault locator
TOA and AOA measurements are also subject to multipath errors, particularly when the direct path from the transmitter to receiver is blocked by an obstacle. Time of arrival measurements are also most accurate when the signal has distinct time-dependent features on the scale of interestor example, when it is composed of short pulses of known durationut Fourier Transform theory shows that in order to change amplitude or phase on a short time scale, a signal must use a broad bandwidth. For example, to create a pulse of about 1 nsec duration, roughly sufficient to identify location to within 0.3 m (1 foot), a bandwidth of roughly 1 GHz is required. In many regions of the radio spectrum, emission over such a broad bandwidth is not allowed by the relevant regulatory authorities, in order to avoid interference with other narrowband users of the spectrum. In the United States, unlicensed transmission is allowed in several bands, such as the 902-928 MHz and 2.4-2.483 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical ISM bands, but high-power transmission cannot extend outside of these bands. However, several jurisdictions now allow ultrawideband transmission over GHz or multi-GHz bandwidths, with constraints on transmitted power to minimize interference with other spectrum users. UWB pulses can be very narrow in time, and often provide accurate estimates of TOA in urban or indoor environments. fiber pigtail
Radiolocation is employed in a wide variety of industrial and military activities. Radar systems often use a combination of TOA and AOA to determine a backscattering object's position using a single receiver. In Doppler radar, the Doppler shift is also taken into account, determining velocity rather than location (though it helps determine future location). Real Time Location Systems RTLS using calibrated RTLS, and DTOA, are commercially available. The widely-used Global Positioning System (GPS) is based on TOA of signals from satellites at known positions. fujikura 50s
A stud finder can also be an example of radiolocation, if it uses radio waves rather than ultrasound.
Mobile phones
Radiolocation is also used in cellular telephony via base stations. Most often, this is done through trilateration between radio towers. The location of the Caller or handset can be determined several ways:
angle of arrival (AOA) requires at least two towers, locating the caller at the point where the lines along the angles from each tower intersect
time difference of arrival (TDOA) resp. time of arrival (TOA) works using multilateration, except that it is the networks that determine the time difference and therefore distance from each tower (as with seismometers)
location signature uses "fingerprinting" to store and recall patterns (such as multipath) which mobile phone signals are known to exhibit at different locations in each cell
The first two depend on a line-of-sight, which can be difficult or impossible in mountainous terrain or around skyscrapers. Location signatures actually work better in these conditions however. TDMA and GSM networks such as Cingular and T-Mobile use TDOA.
CDMA networks such as Verizon Wireless and Sprint PCS tend to use handset-based radiolocation technologies, which are technically more similar to radionavigation. GPS is one of those technologies.
Composite solutions, needing both the handset and the network include:
assisted GPS (wireless or TV) allows use of GPS even indoors
Advanced Forward Link Trilateration (A-FLT)
Timing Advance/Network Measurement Report (TA/NMR)
Enhanced Observed Time Difference (E-OTD)
Initially, the purpose of any of these in mobile phones is so that the public safety answering point (PSAP) which answers calls to an emergency telephone number can know where the caller is and exactly where to send emergency services. This ability is known within the NANP (North America) as wireless enhanced 911. Mobile phone users may have the option to permit the location information gathered to be sent to other phone numbers or data networks, so that it can help people who are simply lost or want other location-based services. By default, this selection is usually turned off, to protect privacy.
External links
Real time locating
References
"Signal Processing Techniques in Network-Aided Positioning", G. Sun, J. Chen, W. Guo and K. Liu, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine v. 22 #4, p. 12, July 2005
"Locating the nodes: cooperative localization in wireless sensor networks", N. Patwari et al., IEEE Signal Processing Magazine v. 22 #4, p. 54, July 2005
he Indoor Propagation Channel, H. Hashemi, Proceedings of the IEEE, v. 81, #7, p. 943 (1993)
utdoor/Indoor Propagation Modeling for Wireless Communications Systems, M. Iskander, Z. Yun, and Z. Zhang, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium (Digest) v 2 2001. p 150-153
Categories: Microwave technology | Radar | Wireless locating
Saturday, April 24, 2010
Radiolocation
Dongdaemun Market
China Product
Malls
Section 1 - Retail Shops The main street divides Dongdaemun Market into two sections. Section 1 is on the side where Doosan Tower is found, and Section 2 is on the side of Dongdaemun Stadium (see the map below). Huge shopping malls in Section 1 basically sell wholesale and retail goods, but mostly deal with general customers and tourists at retail prices. Thus, they have convenient facilities like money exchanges and information desks with English speaking staff. Opening hours are also aimed at general customers, opening from 10 am to 5 am the next day. With a pleasant interior, and rhythmical music played all day long, shopping malls in Section 1 draw many young people everyday. Various events organized by these shopping malls (7 or 8 pm) are also delightful. Sometimes you will get to see youth come up on the stage in front of the mall, dancing or singing. Major shopping malls are Doosan Tower, Migliore, Freya Town and Hello apM.
Section 2 - Wholesale Shops Shopping malls in Section 2 sell goods both in wholesale and retail, but mainly sell in bulk. That is why shopping malls here usually open at about 8 pm and close at 8 am or 5 pm the next day for the convenience of wholesalers. The peak time comes late at night through early morning. Since most shops deal with wholesalers, there are no dressing rooms. Refunds and exchanges are not guaranteed, so make sure to check the quality and size carefully. Major shopping malls in Section 2 are Designer's Club, Migliore Valley, Nuzzon, Gwanghee Fashion Mall, Jeil Pyeonghwa, and Heungin Stardom. Among them, Jeil Pyeonghwa and Heungin Stardom attract customers in their thirties and forties with items of simple and elegant design. Teens and youth in their twenties usually visit Designer's Club, Migliore Valley, Nuzzon and Gwanghee Fashion Mall. bottom line fishfinders
Gallery non woven interlining
Doota, one of the shopping malls in the Dongdaemun Market area beaded fringe
A seller at a Hanbok store in the market
Shoe shops in Dongdaemun
Food counters
Korean clothes for sale in a Hanbok shop
Food counters
See also
Shopping in Seoul
Namdaemun Market
References
^ www.marimari.com Retrieved on May 7, 2008
^ "" (in Korean). Doosan Encyclopedia. http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=49604&contentno=49604. Retrieved 2008-05-07.
^ a b Life in Korea: Dongdaemun Market Retrieved on May 7, 2008
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dongdaemun Market
Dongdamun Market Information Center
Life in Korea: Dongdaemun Market
This Seoul location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Categories: Markets in Seoul | Jongno-gu, Seoul | Shopping districts and streets | Seoul geography stubsHidden categories: Articles containing Korean language text | South Korea articles missing geocoordinate data | All articles needing coordinates
Kelly Kettle
China Product
History
Early examples of devices that heat water surrounding a fire include samovar tea urns from Eastern, Central, and Southeastern Europe, as well as the Middle East.
The Kelly Kettle Company first manufactured portable devices of this type four generations ago in the early 1900s.[citation needed] electric tart burners
The Thermette was invented in 1929 in New Zealand by John Ashley Hart. It was standard issue to the New Zealand army serving in the North Africa during WW2 when it was known as the 'Benghasi Boiler'. diffuser fragrance oil
In 1939 the New Zealand Army asked Hart to waive his patent so they could make their own Thermettes; he agreed and the device was issued as standard equipment to every small army unit. cone incense
A modified version of the idea was created by the Eydon Kettle Company in the early 1970s and sold as the 'Storm Kettle'.
Fixed (and portable) rocket stoves used for cooking were developed in 1980s; with variants for heating water and for space heating.
Construction
The kettles are normally constructed from a durable heat-conductive metal, such as aluminium, stainless steel, copper or tin. The source of heat is typically from small items of combustible material such as paper and twigs. A base placed below the main body section holds the fuel and contains the fire whilst it burns. Additional fuel can be added to the fire without removing the kettle by dropping it down the chimney. Common among all designs is the principle of internal chimney to create the efficient upward draught of heat.
Variations on around a core design have been produced by a number of manufactures. Typical water capacities are between 0.51.5 litres (26 cups worth). Some kettles have the flame holder at the base integral and some allow it to be removed. Typically, the designs use a vertical cylinder shape for the outside of the kettle with the internal surface of the chimney being either a straight cylinder or a cone shape with a wide end at the base and a smaller aperture at the top.
If the base is removable, it may be possible to store other items, or specially designed cook sets within the chimney during transport. Devices normally have with a swinging or fixed handle depending on the design. A cork, metal stopper or in some cases a whistle are used over for the water container, however the cork and stoppers should not be used while the water is being heated.
Cooking accessories are available for some units to allow a small cooking pot to be placed on a support on top of the chimney, or a grill to be put over the base without using the main water chimney component. These add-ons typically store inside the chimney for transport.
Further add-ons can turn the chimney into a small cooking range, with the cooking containers and utensils also being packed into the hollow chimney space or into the Inverted base. The fire bases may be inverted and stored inside the chimney.
Variants
Australia
The 'Eco-Bily' is composed of stainless steel with a 0.71.5-litre capacity with parallel external sides and top, with a fixed base that cannot be removed from the kettle; fuel is added exclusively by inserting it via the chimney.
The 'Dingo Bush Kettle', has a removable bottom plate for the fire base, which is integral to the kettle. It has a slightly different shape, being more rounded than the other kettles.
Britain and Ireland
The "Volcano Kettle" from the Kelly Kettle Company, the "Storm Kettle" by the Eydon Kettle Company and "Ghillie-Kettle" from Spinform have capacities of between 0.41.5 litres. The common design has a removable base, inside which the fire is lit.
New Zealand
The Thermette design originates from New Zealand where it is seen as a culural icon. It is visibly different from the other models in that it has a flat top. It uses an internally narrowing (conical) chimney and a construction of either copper or tin plate. The shape is a straight cylinder leading up to the flat top; the water spout also being on the flat top. Pouring is done with a fixed, rivetted handle on the side, and the base can be removed.
The Thermette design stems from an independent invention in 1929 by John Ashley Hart. For New Zealand soldiers fighting in the deserts of North Africa during World War II, the Thermette became a standard piece of equipment and earned the nickname the "Benghazi Boiler".
See also
Beverage-can stove
Hobo stove
Portable stove
Samovar
References
^ "Case details for Community Trade Mark E5001078". United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office. http://www.ipo.gov.uk/ohim?ohimnum=E5001078. Retrieved 2010-02-22.
^ "Case details for Trade Mark 2148045". United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office. http://www.ipo.gov.uk/domestic?domesticnum=2148045. Retrieved 2010-02-22.
^ "Case details for Community Trade Mark E5576285". United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office. http://www.ipo.gov.uk/ohim?ohimnum=E5576285. Retrieved 2010-02-22.
^ "Thermette". http://www.trademarkia.com/thermette-77609583.html. Retrieved 2010-02-23.
^ "Kelly Kettle". Kelly Kettle Company. https://kellykettle.com/. Retrieved 2010-02-22.
^ a b "Thermette's History". Thermette. http://www.thermette.com/thermette_history.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-22.
^ "The STORM Kettle". Eydon Kettle Company. http://www.eydonkettle.com/stormkettle.html. Retrieved 2010-02-22.
^ "Whole stoves". Aprovecho. http://www.stoversource.com/mambo/index.php?option=com_content&task=category§ionid=5&id=20&Itemid=51. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
^ "Rocket Stove Water Heating System (Set)". http://www.flickr.com/photos/ryancdeuschle/sets/72157610150609041/.
^ "Rocket Mass Heaters". http://www.cobcottage.com/node/113.
^ "Eco billy". Eco billy. http://ecobilly.com/. Retrieved 2010-02-23.
^ "The Dingo Bush Kettle". BushKettle. http://www.bushkettle.com.au/. Retrieved 2010-02-23.
^ "Eydon Kettle Company". http://www.eydonkettle.com. Retrieved 2010-02-23.
^ "Ghillie Kettle Company". http://www.ghillie-kettle.co.uk/. Retrieved 2010-02-23.
External links
Kelly Kettle Company
Eydon Kettle Company
Ghillie Kettle Company
Dingo Bush Kettle; Australian version
Thermette North America
A short article with a cross section of a thermette
Categories: Camping equipment | Science and technology in New Zealand | Boilers (cookware)Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010
Imageon
China Product
Product line
This section requires expansion.
Discontinued/Past generations catv splitter
Imageon 100, the first product of the Imageon line. wireless remote control extender
Imageon 3200. uhf vhf amplifier
Imageon 2200/2250. Integrated a 2D graphics engine, a MPEG decoder, JPEG decoding and encoding capabilities, with embedded SRAM on-die as frame buffer.
Imageon 2240.
Imageon 2260/2262.
Imageon 2300. Included 2D and 3D graphics engine (3D S/W), MPEG-4 video decoder, JPEG encoding/decoding, and 2 Megapixel camera sub-system processing engine.
Imageon 2182.
Imageon 2282.
Imageon 2388/2380. Featuring industry first OpenGL for embedded systems (OpenGL ES) 1.1+ extensions support, for 3D acceleration.
Imageon 2192. For mainstream devices with support for 3.1-megapixel camera sensor.
Current generation
Imageon 2294/2298, renamed as Imageon M100 series. Current top-of-line product, processor includes DVD quality recording and playback, TV output, and supports up to a 12-megapixel camera sensor. Products include Imageon M180.
Imageon TV. Announced in February 2006, as the first Imageon product in the line featuring Digital Video Broadcasting - Handheld (DVB-H) signal receiving support, allowing handhelds devices to receive digital broadcast TV (DVB-H) signals and enables watching TV programs on these devices, the chipset includes tuner, demodulator, decoder, and a full software stack.
Newest Brazilian Tectoy Console called Zeebo uses the ATI Imageon Chip to deliver fast and reliable graphics plus 3G access to download updates and new games for the console.
Announced in 2008 Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, AMD renews the Imageon line with the following products:
Imageon A250 application processor
Standalone multimedia and graphics subsystem
D1 resolution video (720486)
Support for 8-megapixel camera sensor, JPEG, dual display
USB, SD and NAND support
Vector graphics
Flash applications and UI supported
Energy efficiency
Imageon D160 mobile TV solution
Free-to-air DVB-T and DVB-H reception
quality of service and Doppler compensation for DVB signals for high speed mobility
Complete DVB-T/H receiver module
Multi-channel decode with PiP, fast channel change, and video recording
AMD software stack (including Middleware) and 3rd party support
Energy efficiency
In addition to the application processor and the mobile TV solution chip, AMD also licenses several technologies to other firms and partners, such technologies include audio and graphics processors, as listed below:
Imageon M210 audio processor
Multi-band equalizer
Automatic gain control
99 db signal-to-noise ratio
Supporting over 30 codecs including
MP3, AAC, AAC+, WMA, AC3, DTS, MIDI with SMAF support, 3D audio, MPEG-4 SLS, FLAC
support for 3rd party codecs and other codecs through downloading
Standalone audio playback
Energy efficiency of about 33 mW allowing 100 hours of audio playback with integrated power management
Integrated memory
Integrated analog audio codec
USB 2.0, NAND, SD and Bluetooth support
Imageon Z460 3D graphics core
OpenGL ES 2.0 support
Unified shaders
Programmable vertex shaders and pixel shaders
Support for WVGA (800480, 848480, or 854480) and QHD (640360) resolutions
Claimed on par with high-end portable game consoles in terms of performance
Imageon Z180 vector graphics core
Hardware OpenVG 1.x rendering acceleration
Claimed 20-40x faster than software-based implementations
Support for HD resolution
16X antialiasing for fonts and vector graphics
Flash support for web application
Energy efficiency
Future development
Future developments to be present on or before 2009, including embedded x86 microprocessor, support for OpenVG, OpenGL for Embedded Systems 2.1 with unified shaders (VS/PS 4.0/4.1), support for higher resolution of camera sensors (5 Megapixels for mainstream and more than 12 Megapixels for high-end products), display resolution support for WVGA (800480), SVGA (800600) and XVGA (1024768) resolutions, H.264 encoding for video recording, AEC, voice recognition and 3D audio.
The Imageon TV will also feature support for ISDB-T and DMB standards, and multi-mode support (likely to support DMB-T/H, the dual standard implemented in PRC).
See also
Nvidia GoForce media co-processor and Nvidia Tegra, current and future competitors
Bitboys Gxx series media co-processors, previous competitor, acquired by ATI
Falanx series media co-processors, previous competitor, now become ARM Norway
Imagination Technologies PowerVR MBX and SGX media co-processors, IP license-based products, current competitor
Mitsubishi Z3D family media co-processors
Toshiba T4G media co-processor
References
^ "AMD Handheld Multimedia Technology Unleash The Ultimate Mobile Entertainment Experience" (PDF). AMD. 2008-02-12. pp. 17. http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/DownloadableAssets/MWC08_AMD_Press_Presentation.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-15. "~32mW Audio Subsystem for playing from SD/NAND (900mAh/3.7V battery; 150mVrms into 16 headphones."
^ "Product fact sheet for Imagon Z460 ans Z180" (PDF). AMD. 2008-02-12. pp. 17. http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/DownloadableAssets/AMD_Z180_AMD_Z460_Graphics_Fact_Sheet.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-15. "[baseline performance] measured on ARM9 Versatile (ARM926EJ-S) at 210 MHz using a commercially available software rasterizer."
External links
AMD Imageon
Imageon Demo
Zeeboo Console
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AMD graphics products (ATI Technologies)
ATI consumer graphics processors
2D rendering
Direct3D 3-6
Direct3D 7
Direct3D 8
Direct3D 9
Direct3D 10
Direct3D 11
Mach
Rage
Radeon R100
Radeon R200
Radeon R300 R420 R520
Radeon R600 R700
Evergreen Northern Islands1
Chipsets
ATI chipsets
AMD chipsets
IGP 300 series / RX380 Radeon Xpress 200 CrossFire Xpress 3200 Radeon Xpress 1250
480X / 570X / 580X 690 Series 7-Series 8-Series
Other ATI products and technologies
Multi-GPU
ATI Multi Rendering CrossFire X
GPU technologies
TruForm HyperMemory HyperZ PowerPlay AVIVO ATI Hybrid Graphics XGP
Workstations and HPC
FireGL FireMV FirePro 3D FireStream (Close to Metal)
Drivers and software
Catalyst fglrx (Linux) Hydravision HLSL2GLSL
Multimedia and handheld
All-in-Wonder Imageon2 Xilleon2
Video game console GPU
Flipper (GameCube) Xenos (Xbox 360) Hollywood (Wii)
1 Upcoming product.
2 Discontinued product.
Categories: Advanced Micro Devices products | ATI Technologies productsHidden categories: Articles to be expanded from April 2007 | All articles to be expanded
SK Telecom
China Product
www.sktelecom.com
SK Telecom (Hangul: SK or ) is a South Korean mobile telecommunications operator, controlled by the SK Group, one of the country's largest chaebol. As a part of SK Group, SK stands for Sun Kyung.
Contents indoor satellite dish
1 Introduction yagi wifi antenna
2 History fm dipole antenna
2.1 Early Stages (1984-1993)
2.2 Privatization (1994-1996)
2.3 International (1997-2000)
2.4 The Ubiquitous Age (2001-2007)
3 Services
3.1 Convergence Services
3.1.1 Melon
3.1.2 m-Finance
3.1.3 Digital Home
3.1.4 Mobile RFID (m-RFID)
4 Global Business
4.1 China
4.2 USA: Helio
4.3 USA: Mobile Money Ventures
4.4 Vietnam: S-Fone
5 Employee Conditions
6 Subsidiaries
6.1 SK Communications
6.2 SK Telink Corp
6.3 TU Media Corp
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
//
Introduction
SK Telecom is a provider of mobile service in Korea, with 50.5% of the market share as of 2008. Since being established on March 29, 1984 the company evolved from a first generation analogue cellular system, to second generation CDMA, then to the world's first third generation synchronized IMT-2000 cellular system. SK Telecom also became the world first to commercialize HSDPA in May, 2006.
The company current services include NATE, a wired and wireless integrated multi-Internet service, June, a multimedia service, MONETA, a financial service, Telematic service such as NATE Drive and even Digital Home service. In 2004, SK Telecom launched Hanbyul, the world first DMB satellite. The carrier currently provides satellite DMB to its subscribers through its subsidiary TU Media Corp. SK Telecom also offers a variety of internet services, many through its subsidiary SK Communications. Cyworld is one of the most popular blogging services in South Korea and NateOn is one of the most popular instant messengers.
History
SK Telecom was established in March 1984 under the name Korea Mobile Telecommunications Services Co., but was renamed Korea Mobile Telecommunications Corp. (KMT) in May 1988. It was a wholly owned subsidiary of the state monopoly phone company, Korea Telecom. In June 1994 SK Group became KMT's largest shareholder. KMT officially joined the SK Group in January 1997 and changed its name to SK Telecom in March of that year. In October 2000, SK Telecom became the second operator in the world after NTT's DoCoMo to launch a commercial 3G service using W-CDMA technology. In January 2002, this was followed up by launching the world's first CDMA2000 1xEV-DO network, offering greatly increased data transmission speeds.
In May 2005, SK Telecom decided to sell 60% of SK Teletech stock to Pantech. In 2006, SK Teletech has changed its brand name to "SKY" and remains as Pantech's mobile phone line.
Early Stages (1984-1993)
The company launched a mobile phone service for automobiles and paging service.
March 1984: Started as Korea Mobile Telecommunication Service.
May 1984: Kicked off mobile communication service for automobiles.
July 1988: Launched mobile Telecommunication Service.
Privatization (1994-1996)
Through privatization, Korea Mobile Telecommunications Service became part of SK Group. Since then, the company established foothold in the global market with world first commercialization of CDMA technology.
June 1994: SK Group becomes largest shareholder
January 1995: Achieved 1 million subscriber mark
June 1996: Became the third Korean company to be listed in NYSE(ADR)
International (1997-2000)
Korea Mobile Communication Corporation was transformed to SK Telecom. SK Telecom also became the 6th company in the world to surpass 10 million subscriber mark. The company also began constructing the Northeast Asian CDMA belt encompassing China, Japan, Vietnam, and the whole Asian continent.
March 1997: Company name changed to SK Telecom
October 1997: Launched online service NETSGO
June 1998: SK Telink Corp. started commercial overseas call service
December 1998: SK Teletech Corp. launched first mobile handset
April 1999: Joined mobile comm. project in Mongolia
July 1999: Launched TTL, a telecommunication brand targeting the youth market
Oct. 1999: Started wireless internet service n.TOP
Dec. 1999: Surpassed 10 million subscriber mark
Oct. 2000: Launched world first commercial service for CDMA2000
Dec. 2000: Won contract on asynchronous IMT-2000 (WCDMA) service
The Ubiquitous Age (2001-2007)
Company began wired/wireless multimedia service era and began efforts to combine and converge mobile communication service. In the meantime, the company started seeking new value-creating models such as M-Commerce and satellite DMB Service.
Jan. 2002 : Completed merger of Sinsegi Communications
Jan. 2002: Launched world first synchronous IMT-2000 commercial service
March 2002: Started global roaming between countries adapting CDMA or GSM services
April 2002: Signed contract with Pelephone in Israel to provide wireless Internet platform
July 2002: Signed MOU with China Unicom to establish a joint venture
Nov. 2002: Launched mobile multimedia service June
Nov. 2002 : Launched mobile payment service MONETA
July 2003: Started commercialized CDMA service in Vietnam
Aug. 2003: June became the world first 3G service to get 1 million subscribers
Feb. 2004: Won certificate to establish UNISK, a joint corporate with China Unicom
March 2004: Launched world first DMB satellite
November 2004: Opened Melon, wired/wireless music portal service
April 2005: Started 1mm service
November 2005: Opened oview, a digital photo frame service
December 2005: Reached 4 million subscriber base for Melon
Janunary 2006: Achieved sales record over 10 trillion KRW
May 2006: Commercialized handset-type HSDPA for the first time in the world
May 2006: Advanced into the U.S. mobile communication market with Helio
June 2006: Signed strategic partnership with China Unicom and purchased CB worth 1 billion USD
June 2006: Started commercial Wibro service
April 2007: S-Fone in Vietnam reached 2 million subscriber mark
April 2007: Launched TD-SCDMA project with Chinese government
Services
Convergence Services
SK Telecom provides convergence services in entertainment, business and finance.
Melon
Melon is SK Telecom's music service, which allows users to download or stream music over the internet, such as on mobile phones. The music can be played on mobile phones, digital audio players, portable media players and digital cameras. Users can also create their own ring tones.
m-Finance
m-Finance, a financial manger introduced in 2001, allows users to take charge of all their financial transactions. Properly equipped mobile phones can do basic banking such as wire transferring and checking balances as well as stock trading and credit card services. Users can also withdraw cash from ATMs through the mobile phones.
Digital Home
Digital Home allows users to control and monitor home appliances, lighting, security systems and fire alarms remotely. The service also incorporates mobile communications networks, high-speed internet and cable broadcasting networks.
Mobile RFID (m-RFID)
Phones with embedded RF readers give users vital information about products before users purchase them. SK Telecom has tested this technology for six applications including, safety, authentication, package tracking, supply chain management, digital content usage and location-based services.
Global Business
SK Telecom is currently putting its efforts in expanding into global markets, such as Vietnam, U.S., and China. The company is also forging strategic alliances with other global carriers and IT businesses.
China
In 2000, SK Telecom first entered China, later forming a joint venture with China Unicom for wireless Internet service in February 2004. This joint venture between a foreign and local company, UNISK, is the first of its kind in China.
In 2006, SK Telecom bought $1 billion worth of convertible bonds of China Unicom Hong Kong, a China Unicom enterprise and agreed to cooperate in joint sourcing of handsets, development of additional services, platform development, marketing and distribution, customer relationship management, and network development. One result of this partnership is jointly developing handsets to be sourced by Samsung, LG, and Motorola.
In August 2006, SK Telecom signed an MOU making it the first non-Chinese company to participate in the TD-SCDMA Project. Under the agreement SK Telecom will work with China's National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) on development of TD-SCDMA, China's 3G mobile telecom technology standard.
USA: Helio
Main article: Helio (wireless carrier)
On January 26, 2005, SK Telecom announced that it had formed a $440 million joint venture with Earthlink to form a new US mobile carrier named SK-Earthlink, later that year, the company name was changed to Helio. Combined with Earthlink, Helio is expected to offer a variety of advanced mobile devices, many of which are currently for sale in Korea. These models would be refined and updated for use by tech-savvy American consumers, allowing for the first time handsets with functionalities previously unavailable in the US market.
The venture operates on the premise of being a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO), using CDMA 1xEVDO network capacity leased from Sprint Nextel. Their current devices include the Kickflip, the Hero, the Heat, the Drift, the Ocean and the Fin. SK Telecom is currently in talks to purchase Sprint Nextel.
On June 27, 2008, it was reported that Helio was being acquired in an all stock deal by Virgin Mobile- for a net acquisition price of $39 million - in stark contrast to the $500 million investment in the venture.
USA: Mobile Money Ventures
On March 6, 2008, SK Telecom launched Mobile Money Ventures, a joint venture with Citibank. MMV designs, develops, implements, and supports mobile financial services solutions on a global scale. Its Mobile Money Platform can support existing mobile banking services as well as next generation services like P2P payments and NFC payments.
Vietnam: S-Fone
Main article: S-Fone
In September 2001, SK Telecom established S-Telecom, Business Cooperation Contract (BCC) in Vietnam and SPT (Saigon Postel), a Vietnamese company with a CDMA license.
S-Telecom, the first CDMA mobile phone service provider in Vietnam, launched commercial service in July 2003 and has upgraded its system to CDMA2000 1xEV-DO to meet the growing demand from customers. Currently the company is providing services to 64 cities including Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi under the S-Fone brand.
As of October 2006, the company was providing EV-DO wireless internet services in five major cities including Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. S-Fone subscribers reached two million in April 2007, a little over three years after its start.
Employee Conditions
SK Telecom has its own workers union. SK Telecom abides by the Korean Labor Law and is executing a retirement age of 58. Unless an employee commits a crime more serious than imprisonment or an act in violation of ethical management of SK Telecom, employees are guaranteed to work until they reach the retirement age. SK Telecom follows a management system called SKMS (SK Management System), created by SK Companies.
Subsidiaries
SK Telecom has a number of subsidiaries that support its growth. In 2006, SK Communications strengthened its linked services with SK Telecom, strengthening Korea top community portal Cyworld, and developing its model into a global business. Currently, Cyworld services are expanding in Asia, Europe and North America. At home, NATE ON is the leading messenger service in 2006, with more than 13 million users. SK Telink, an international telephony company, launched international Korean SMS services in the U.S., and now operates in more than 170 countries. TU Media, the nationwide satellite Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) service, is also making fast growth, attracting more than 1 million subscribers in 2006.
SK Communications
Main article: SK Communications
Since its 2002 launch as an online portal service provider, SK Communications has grown to be one of the most popular Internet portals in Korea. The largest online community site in Korea, Cyworld has seen a sharp rise in its users, with members reaching 20 million from 16 million in 2005. SK Communications also provides the top instant messaging service NateOn. As of December 2006, NATE ON had 13 million users and led the local market. In 2006, the NATE.com portal refreshed its site as a Web 2.0 customer-focused portal with an emphasis on social bookmarking, personalized content and community services. Cyworld II also re-launched with Web 2.0 offerings, including a personalized mini-homepage, personalized search, UCC video and other Web-based applications that offer user-customization services.
The company is currently extending its online businesses into the global market. In 2006, SK Communications opened up its Cyworld services in China, Germany, Japan, Taiwan, the U.S., and Vietnam. To make full use of its premium base, the company is building a portfolio of high-quality content providers, including education company Etoos; consumer shopping services under the Cymarket brand, which leverage Cyworld network and traffic; gaming subsidiary SK i-media; and Egloos, the leading independent blogging service in Korea. In addition, the company acquired a significant stake (24.4%) in powerful online search engine, Empas, for KRW 37.2 billion.
SK Telink Corp
Main article: SK Telink
SK Telink was established in April 1998 as an international telephony service provider and has grown into a major player in the international calling market. Under the brand name 00700, the company provides international call services. Building on the commercial long-distance telephony and value-added services launched in 2005, the company began offering Korean text messaging in June 2006 in the U.S. The service allows subscribers send and receive Korean text messages in the U.S., as well as to and from Korea.
TU Media Corp
Main article: TU Media
Established in December 2003, TU Media Corp. introduced a new digital media service satellite Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB). Subscribers can now view satellite TV broadcasts on their portable handsets or via vehicle-mounted terminals. As of December 2006, subscribers to TU Media topped 1 million, up from 372,000 in 2005. Its nationwide DMB is available on 37 channels, consisting of 16 video, 20 audio and one data, and provides programs on education, games, drama, music, news and culture. In 2006, TU Media launched TUBOX, a pay-per-view movie channel that allows subscribers to see movies prior to DVD release. In addition to South Korea's 84 cities, TU Media provides service in express highways and Seoul metropolitan subways. In 2006 the company expanded its satellite DMB coverage to include the Korea Train eXpress (KTX) Seoul to Busan line, Busan subways and 10 metropolitan Seoul local highways.
See also
SK Group
SK Teletech (Now merged into Pantech Curitel & Sky Electronics)
Cyworld
Nate
KT
LG Telecom
TU Media
References
^ Lee Sun-young (2008-01-05). "Mobile operators pressured to cut call, message rates". Korea Herald (naver.com). http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LPOD&mid=etc&oid=044&aid=0000070179. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
^ Koh Byung-joon (2007-07-25). "SK TELECOM PUSHING TO ACQUIRE US TELCO SPRINT NEXTEL". Comcast Finance. http://finance.comcast.net/stocks/news_body.html?ID_OSI=85959&ID_NEWS=29949224. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
^ "Citi: Mobile Venture Will Go Well Beyond Basics." American Banker. March 7, 2008.
External links
SK Telecom website (Korean / English)
SK Telecom T world website
v d e
Members of the Bridge Alliance
Advanced Info Service Bharti Airtel Hong Kong CSL CTM Globe Telecom
Maxis Communications Optus Singapore Telecommunications SK Telecom Taiwan Mobile Telkomsel
v d e
S&P Asia 50 companies
Asus AU Optronics Bank of China Cathay United Bank Cheung Kong Holdings China Communications Construction China Construction Bank China Life Insurance Company China Mobile China Steel Chunghwa Telecom CLP Group CNOOC DBS Bank Esprit Holdings Formosa Chemical & Fiber Group Formosa Plastics Hang Seng Bank HTC Corporation Hon Hai Precision Industry The Hong Kong and China Gas Company Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Hutchison Whampoa Hyundai Heavy Industries Hyundai Motor Company Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Keppel Corporation KB Financial Korea Electric Power KT&G LG Electronics Li & Fung MediaTek Nan Ya Plastics Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation PetroChina POSCO Samsung Electronics Samsung Group Shinhan Financial Group Singapore Airlines Singapore Telecommunications SK Energy SK Telecom Sun Hung Kai Properties Swire Pacific TSMC United Microelectronics Corporation United Overseas Bank Wilmar International
Categories: Companies listed on the Korea Stock Exchange | Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange | Members of the Bridge Alliance | Mobile phone companies of South Korea | SK Group
Percy Shaw
China Product
Biography
Shaw was born in Halifax in West Yorkshire, the fourth child and second son of James Shaw, a dyehouse labourer who worked at a local mill, and his second wife Esther Hannah Morrell. Shaw's father also had seven children by his first wife, who died. In 1892, his parents moved their large family to Boothtown in Halifax, where Shaw lived for the rest of his life.
Shaw was educated at Boothtown board school, and started work as a labourer in a cloth mill at the age of 13. He became apprenticed to a wire drawer, but the low wages on offer were not attractive and he soon took a series unskilled jobs in local engineering works. He was thus well placed to join his father in a new business repairing small machine tools used in munitions production during World War I. After his father's death in 1929, he started his own small business as a road contractor. focal car speakers
Invention horn air compressor
The reflective spheres shown set into a cat's eye in the United Kingdom. car woofers
Shaw was inventive, even at an early age, but his most famous invention was the Catseye for lighting the way along roads in the dark. There are several stories about how he came up with the idea. The most famous involves him driving down the difficult road from the Old Dolphin public house in Queensbury to his home in Halifax, when a cat on a fence along the edge of the road looked at the car, reflected his headlights back to him, allowing him to take corrective action and remain on the road. In an interview with Alan Whicker, however, he told a different story of being inspired on a foggy night to think of a way of moving the reflective studs on a road sign to the road surface. Further, local school children who were taken on visits to the factory in the late 1970s were told that the idea came from Shaw seeing light reflected from his car headlamps by tram tracks in the road on a foggy night. The tram tracks were polished by the passing of trams and by following the advancing reflection, it was possible to maintain the correct position in the road.
In 1934, he patented his invention (patent No. 436,290 and 457,536), based on the 1927 reflecting lens patent of Richard Hollins Murray. A year later, Reflecting Roadstuds Ltd was formed to manufacture the devices. Sales were initially slow, but approval from the Ministry of Transport and the blackout in the Second World War gave a huge boost to production and the firm, located near Shaw's home in Boothtown, grew in size making more than a million roadstuds a year, which were exported all over the world. A later patent added a rainwater reservoir to the rubber shoe, which could be used to wash the glass "eyes" when a car drove over the stud. Such a success was the invention of the "cat's eye" that he was rewarded with an OBE for services to exports in the birthday honours list in 1965.
He became eccentric in later life, removing the carpets and much of the furniture from his home, and keeping three televisions running constantly (respectively tuned to BBC1, BBC2 and ITV, all with the sound turned down) with a fourth in reserve. One luxury was his Rolls-Royce Phantom. He never married and he died from cancer and heart disease at Boothtown Mansion, Halifax, where he had lived for all but two of his 86 years. Despite rumours of a personal fortune, his personal estate was admitted to probate in December 1976 at a value of 193,500. He was an agnostic, but his funeral was held at Boothtown Methodist Church, and he was cremated in Elland.
In 2005, he was listed as one of the 50 greatest Yorkshire people in a book by Bernard Ingham.
References
^ The 50 greatest Yorkshire people? | News | Guardian Unlimited Books
John A. Hargreaves, "Shaw, Percy (18901976)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edition, January 2008; last accessed 1 September 2009
Cat's eyes of the future, Giles Chapman, The Daily Telegraph, 18 August 2007
Percy Shaw: Man with his eye on the road, Robert Colvile, The Daily Telegraph, 30 November 2007
Percy Shaw O.B.E. 15th April 1890 to 1st September 1976, from Reflecting Roadstuds Limited
External links
Halifax Today article on Percy Shaw
Catseye Patent GB457536 (Improvements relating to blocks for road surface marking)
Categories: 1890 births | 1976 deaths | People from Halifax, West Yorkshire | English inventors | Officers of the Order of the British Empire
RDRAM
China Product
Implementation
Personal computers
The first PC motherboards with support for RDRAM debuted in 1999. They supported PC-800 RDRAM, which operated at 400 MHz and delivered 1600 MB/s of bandwidth over a 16-bit bus using a 184-pin RIMM form factor. Data is transferred on both the rising and falling edges of the clock signal, a technique known as double data rate. For marketing reasons the physical clock rate was multiplied by two (because of the DDR operation); therefore, the 400 MHz Rambus standard was named PC-800. This was significantly faster than the previous standard, PC-133 SDRAM, which operated at 133 MHz and delivered 1066 MB/s of bandwidth over a 64-bit bus using a 168-pin DIMM form factor. slide projector bulbs
RDRAM memory with integrated heatsink. slide projector bulb
Moreover, if a mainboard has a dual- or quad-channel memory subsystem, all of the memory channels must be upgraded simultaneously. Sixteen-bit modules provide one channel of memory, while 32-bit modules provide two channels. Therefore, a dual channel mainboard accepting 16-bit modules must have RIMMs added or removed in pairs. A dual channel mainboard accepting 32-bit modules can have single RIMMs added or removed as well. Note that some of the later 32 bit modules had 232 pins as compared to the older 184 pin 16 bit modules. eiki projector lamps
Stick/module specification
PC600: 16-bit, single channel RIMM, specified to operate at 300 MHz clock rate, 1200 MB/s bandwidth
PC700: 16-bit, single channel RIMM, specified to operate at 355 MHz clock rate, 1420 MB/s bandwidth
PC800: 16-bit, single channel RIMM, specified to operate at 400 MHz clock rate, 1600 MB/s bandwidth
PC1066 (RIMM 2100): 16-bit, single channel RIMM specified to operate at 533 MHz clock rate, 2133 MB/s bandwidth
PC1200 (RIMM 2400): 16-bit, single channel RIMM specified to operate at 600 MHz clock rate, 2400 MB/s bandwidth
RIMM 3200: 32-bit, dual channel RIMM specified to operate at 400 MHz clock rate, 3200 MB/s bandwidth
RIMM 4200: 32-bit, dual channel RIMM specified to operate at 533 MHz clock rate, 4200 MB/s bandwidth
RIMM 4800: 32-bit, dual channel RIMM specified to operate at 600 MHz clock rate, 4800 MB/s bandwidth
RIMM 6400: 32-bit, dual channel RIMM specified to operate at 800 MHz clock rate, 6400 MB/s bandwidth
Video game consoles
Rambus's RDRAM saw use in three video game consoles, beginning in 1996 with the Nintendo 64. The Nintendo console utilized 4 MB RDRAM running with a 500 MHz clock on a 9-bit bus, providing 500 MB/s bandwidth. RDRAM allowed N64 to be equipped with a large amount of memory bandwidth while maintaining a lower cost due to design simplicity. RDRAM's narrow bus allows circuit board designers to use simpler design techniques to minimize cost. The memory, however, was disliked for its high random access latencies. In the N64, the RDRAM modules are cooled by a passive heatspreader assembly.
Sony uses RDRAM in the PlayStation 2. The PS2 was equipped with 32 MB of the memory, and implemented a dual-channel configuration resulting in 3200 MB/s available bandwidth. The PlayStation 3 utilizes 256 MB of Rambus's XDR DRAM, which could be considered a successor to RDRAM, on a 64-bit bus at 400 MHz with an octal data rate (cf. double data rate) providing a clock rate of 3.2 GHz, allowing a large 204.8 Gbit/s (25.6 GB/s) bandwidth.
Video cards
Cirrus Logic implemented RDRAM support in their Laguna graphics chip, with two members of the family; the 2D-only 5462 and the 5464, a 2D chip with 3D acceleration. RDRAM offered a cost-advantage while being potentially faster than competing DRAM technologies with its high bandwidth. The chips were used on the Creative Graphics Blaster MA3xx series, among others.
Performance
Compared to other contemporary standards, Rambus shows a slight increase in latency, heat output, manufacturing complexity, and cost. Some criticized RDRAM's larger die size, which is required to house the added interface and results in a 10-20 percent price premium at 16-megabit densities and adds about a 5 percent penalty at 64M.
PC-800 RDRAM operated with a latency of 45 ns, which was more latency than other comparable DRAM technologies of the time. RDRAM memory chips also put out significantly more heat than SDRAM chips, necessitating heatspreaders on all RIMM devices. RDRAM includes a memory controller on each memory chip, significantly increasing manufacturing complexity compared to SDRAM, which used a single memory controller located on the northbridge chipset. RDRAM was also two to three times the price of PC-133 SDRAM due to a combination of high manufacturing costs and high license fees.[citation needed] PC-2100 DDR SDRAM, introduced in 2000, operated with a clock rate of 133 MHz and delivered 2100 MB/s over a 64-bit bus using a 184-pin DIMM form factor.
When installing multiple RIMMs on a memory channel, performance impact is greater than SDRAM design because the data in the further memory module has to travel across all memory chips installed physically closer to the memory controller, instead of just 1 or 2 chips in production SDRAM motherboards.
The design of many common Rambus memory controllers dictated that memory sticks be installed in sets of two. Any remaining open memory slots must be filled with CRIMMs. These sticks provide no extra memory, and only served to propagate the signal to termination resistors on the motherboard instead of providing a dead end where signals would reflect. The picture on the lower right depicts a CRIMM stick.
A RAMBUS Continuity-RIMM (CRIMM), also known as terminator or dummy.
With the introduction of the Intel 840 (Pentium III), Intel 850 (Pentium 4), Intel 860 (Pentium 4 Xeon) chipsets, Intel added support for dual-channel PC-800 RDRAM, doubling bandwidth to 3200 MB/s by increasing the bus width to 32-bit. This was followed in 2002 by the Intel 850E chipset, which introduced PC-1066 RDRAM, increasing total dual-channel bandwidth to 4200 MB/s. Then in 2002, Intel released the E7205 Granitebay chipset, which introduced dual-channel DDR support for a total bandwidth of 4200 MB/s, at a slightly lower latency than competing RDRAM.
To achieve RDRAM's 800 MHz clock rate, the memory module only runs on 16-bit bus, instead of 64-bit bus in contemporary SDRAM DIMM. Furthermore, not all production RDRAM module at the time of Intel 820 launch can run at 800 MHz, but rather at slower clock rate.
Benchmarks
Benchmark tests conducted in 1998 showed most everyday applications to run minimally slower with RDRAM. In 1999, benchmarks comparing the Intel 840 and Intel 820 RDRAM chipsets with the Intel 440BX SDRAM chipset lead to the conclusion that the performance gain of RDRAM did not justify its premium price over SDRAM except for use in workstations. In 2002, benchmarks pointed out that single-channel DDR400 SDRAM modules could closely match dual-channel 1066 MHz RDRAM in everyday applications.[citation needed]
History of RDRAM marketing in PC market
In November, 1996, Rambus entered into a development and license contract with Intel.. Intel announced to the Wintel development community that it would only support the Rambus memory interface for its microprocessors, Intel was granted rights to purchase 1M shares of Rambus' stock at $10 per share.
In 1998, Intel planned to make a $500 million equity investment in Micron Technology, to accelerate the adoption of Direct RDRAM. Other investment included paying $100 million to Samsung Electronics in 1999.
As a transition strategy, Intel planned to support PC-100 SDRAM DIMM on future Intel 82x chipset using Memory Translation Hub (MTH). In 2000, Intel recalled the Intel 820 motherboard with memory translator hub (MTH) because the MTH can, while doing simultaneous switching, produce noise that may cause the computer to hang mysteriously or to spontaneously reboot. Since then, no production Intel 820 motherboards contain MTH.
In 2000, Intel subsidized RDRAM by bundling retail boxes of Pentium 4 CPU with 2 RIMMs. Intel began to phase out Rambus subsidies in 2001.
In 2003, Intel introduced Intel 865 and Intel 875 chipsets, which were marketed as high end replacement of Intel 850. Furthermore, the future memory roadmap did not include Rambus.
Few DRAM manufacturers have ever obtained the license to produce RDRAM, and those who did license the technology failed to make enough RIMMs to satisfy PC market demand, causing RIMM to be priced higher than SDRAM DIMMs, even when memory prices skyrocketed during 2002. During RDRAM's decline, DDR continued to advance in performance while, at the same time, it was still cheaper than RDRAM. Meanwhile, a massive price war in the DDR SDRAM allowed DDR SDRAM to be sold at or below production cost. DDR SDRAM makers were losing massive amounts of money, while RDRAM suppliers were making a good profit for every module sold. While it is still produced today, few motherboards support RDRAM. Between 2002-2005, market share of RDRAM had never extended beyond 5%.
In 2004, it was revealed that SDRAM manufacturers Infineon, Hynix, Samsung, Micron, and Elpida had entered into a price-fixing scheme . Infineon, Hynix, Samsung and Elpida all entered plea agreements with the US DOJ, pleading guilty to price fixing over 1999-2002. They paid fines totalling over $700 million and numerous executives were sentenced to jail time.
Rambus has alleged that, as part of the conspiracy, the DRAM manufacturers acted to depress the price of DDR memory in an effort to prevent RDRAM from succeeding in the market. Those allegations are the subject of lawsuits by Rambus against the various companies.
See also
List of device bandwidths
SLDRAM, an alternative open standard
References
^ rdramrambusmemory.com
^ Rambus.com Octal data rate
^ Rambus.com XDR
^ EDACafe Weekly : Memory Continued - October 04, 2004
^ What is RDRAM? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary
^ NewsWire Issue 97-8
^ HPCwire Article # 14137
^ Intel Invests In Samsung To Push Rambus
^ Intel i820 Chipset Review | Tom's Hardware
^ cw062100 - Intel i820 MTH recall
^ Intel chips in for cheaper Pentium 4 PCs | Tech News on ZDNet
^ Intel drops Rambus subsidies - CNET News.com
^ RAM Wars: Return of the JEDEC | Tom's Hardware
^ DRAM prices keep rising | Geek.com
^ RAM Wars: Return of the JEDEC | Tom's Hardware
^ Government finds witness in RAM price-fixing probe - CNET News.com
^ See, e.g. http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/cases/samsung.htm, http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/cases/infin.htm, http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/cases/hynix.htm and http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/cases/elpida.htm.
External links
RDRAM on the Rambus website
Reference where information about dual-channel RDRAM in the PS2 can be found
How to install RAMBUS memory
Illustrated Guide for Installing RDRAM
v d e
Types of DRAM
Asynchronous
FPM RAM EDO RAM
Synchronous
SDRAM DDR SDRAM Mobile DDR DDR2 SDRAM DDR3 SDRAM
Graphics
VRAM GDDR2 GDDR3 GDDR4 GDDR5
Rambus
RDRAM XDR DRAM XDR2 DRAM
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