China Product
Origins, Development, and Use
Prior to World War II, during field exercises in Panama and other jungle regions, it was determined that standard heavy canned or 'wet' rations were unsuited to soldiers on foot carrying out extended missions in jungle or tropical environments with an abundance of water sources. Testing in Panama by units of the U.S. Army soon discovered that a dry ration that could be easily decanted into waterproof bags for individual use would best suit jungle infantrymen carrying their own supplies while on foot, to be rehydrated as necessary from local water sources.
The Jungle ration was originally based on foods carried by American civilians, such as geologists and engineers, prior to World War II. Lightweight, ready-to-eat dry foods appealing to American palates and selected for their bulk when rehydrated were included in the menu, such as dried beef, peaches, apricots, and dehydrated whole milk. Water purification tablets were carried in order to purify water required for rehydration and drinking purposes. After extensive field testing in the Panamanian jungles, the Jungle ration was finalized at the U.S. Army Quartermaster Branch's Subsistence Research Laboratory (SRL) in Chicago, Illinois, resulting in a daily caloric total of about 4,000 calories, and weighing slightly more than two pounds when packaged for shipping. dog nail clippers
The Jungle ration was designed to be compact and to feed four men in one day. A can opener, matches, toilet paper, and cigarettes were packed in each 10-ration waterpoof box. In the original issue of the Jungle ration, all food components were dried or dehydrated and could be decanted from their tins or packages into individually-carried lightweight waterproof bags; this practice greatly decreased the total weight, yet the foods would still keep for several weeks in jungle heat and humidity. In general, it was favorably accepted by soldiers during experiments with the testing platoons in Panama. Among Australian forces, who were briefly issued the ration in New Guinea, the Jungle ration became known as "the Christmas package" for its varied components, which were appreciated after a steady diet of hardtack and tins of bully beef. dog collar electronic
However, because of its expense and specialized nature, the Jungle ration, like the Mountain ration, was never popular with the U.S. Army's Quartermaster Command, who were forced to expend additional funds for procurement and storage of what they viewed as an overly expensive, redundant, and limited-issue field ration. The Subsistence Research Laboratory staff in particular criticized the Jungle ration for not being packaged from the processor for immediate distribution to an individual soldier fighting in a foxhole or other defensive position, as for example, the K ration. This criticism arose as a result of the Army and Quartermaster Corps' own failure to incorporate previous infantry field reports and test data to SRL staff and dieticians. As none of the SRL personnel had ever served as infantry foot soldiers carrying their own loads through jungle terrain, they were unaware that the primary rationale of the Jungle ration was to provide a palatable, lightweight dry ration that could be broken down and carried in waterproof bags for extended patrols in heavy jungle. parrot toys
During its short existence, the Jungle ration was repeatedly altered with heavier, less expensive canned components by the SRL at the direction of Quartermaster Corps staff, defeating the purpose of a lightweight dehydrated ration. Replacement of the dried beef component with processed, tinned pork or beef in 1942, followed by elimination of the dried fruit component, caused a predictable nosedive in the popularity of the Jungle ration. It was finally discontinued completely in 1943 in favor of the K ration. The absence of a lightweight, yet sufficiently nourishing and palatable compact field ration would have serious consequences for some U.S. troops later in the war, most notably the soldiers of Merrill's Marauders.
Menu Contents
The jungle ration was repeatedly altered during its existence, as Quartermaster Corps officers substituted less expensive or heavier canned components (such as evaporated milk). Some known components include:
Biscuits (Hardtack)
Salted beef (1st issue) - A U.S. version of traditional Central and South American carne seca, using dried high-quality cuts of beef, lightly salted and spiced; this component was one of the first to be eliminated in favor of cheaper, heavier canned meats
Canned meat (2nd issue) - tinned beef/pork or pork loaf; some sources indicate pork luncheon meat (Spam) was also a rotating component
Porridge - (a general term for Grapenuts or other precooked dry cereal)
Fruit bars
Chewing gum
Hard candy
Dried apricots
Dried peaches
Lemon powder
Cocoa powder (usually combined with KLIM and sugar to make a chocolate drink)
Roasted salted peanuts
Whole powdered milk (KLIM)
Raisins
Salt
Black pepper
Instant coffee
White sugar
Cigarettes
Toilet paper
See also
LRP ration
Mountain ration
United States Army
K-ration
Meal, Ready-to-Eat
Notes
^ a b Kearny, Cresson H. (Maj), Jungle Snafus...And Remedies, Oregon Institute (1996), p. 288
^ a b c d Kearny, Cresson H. (Maj), Jungle Snafus...And Remedies, Oregon Institute (1996), p. 291
^ Kearny, Cresson H. (Maj), Jungle Snafus...And Remedies, Oregon Institute (1996), pp. 289-291
^ Kearny, Cresson H. (Maj), Jungle Snafus...And Remedies, Oregon Institute (1996), pp. 291, 391
^ a b Kearny, Cresson H. (Maj), Jungle Snafus...And Remedies, Oregon Institute (1996), p. 391
^ Koehler, Franz A., Special Rations for the Armed Forces: Army Operational Rations - Historical Background, QMC Historical Studies, Historical Branch, Office of the Quartermaster General, Washington, D.C. (1958)
^ Koehler, Franz A., Special Rations for the Armed Forces: Army Operational Rations - Historical Background, QMC Historical Studies, Historical Branch, Office of the Quartermaster General, Washington, D.C. (1958): The Quartermaster General's Historical Report indignantly notes: "Specifications were hurriedly produced without a clear-cut idea of what a ration assembled especially for jungle troops should consist [of]...the Subsistence Laboratory participated in the development only to the extent of determining packaging and packing requirements. [SRL staff] warned that the reasons for developing the ration had not been made clear and indicated that the tactical situation presented was one for which the K ration had been designed. Despite the warranted lack of Laboratory enthusiasm, more than 9,600,000 rations were bought in 1942 and 425,000 more early in 1943."
^ a b Henry, Mark R. and Chappell, Mike, The US Army in World War II: The Pacific, Osprey Publishing (2000), ISBN 1855329956, 9781855329959, pp. 20-21
^ Kearny, Cresson H. (Maj), Jungle Snafus...And Remedies, Oregon Institute (1996), pp. 291-294
^ Kearny, Cresson H. (Maj), Jungle Snafus...And Remedies, Oregon Institute (1996), pp. 288-291
External links
History of the Subsistence Research Laboratory - Quartermaster Review
Olive-Drab: Field Rations
Army Rations: Historical Background
v d e
Rations of the United States military
Past rations
Civil War: food / logistics C-ration D-ration K-ration 5-in-1 ration 10-in-1 food parcel Mountain ration Jungle ration LRP ration Meal, Combat, Individual ration P-38 can opener mess kit
Garrison ration
A-ration
Field ration
Meal, Ready-to-Eat First Strike Ration HOOAH! Bar Flameless ration heater B-Ration
Categories: Military food of the United States
Thursday, April 22, 2010
Jungle ration
Ubatuba
China Product
History
Point where the Tropic of Capricorn crosses the city.
The origin of the name comes from the Tupi words uyba (arrows or canoes) and tuba (many). Ubatuba was the place where the Portuguese signed the first treaty of peace of the Americas with the Tupinamba Indians (The Treaty of Peace of Yperoig - Tratado de Paz de Iperoig), a treaty that kept Brazil in Portuguese hands, with only one language and one faith (Catholicism). Back in the 16th century the Tupinamba families had been put into slavery, working on sugar cane plantations along the Southern Shores surrounding the towns of Saint Vincent and Itanham, a region also called "Morpion" at that time (according to Andr Thvet - "Singularits de la France Antarctique"). designer radiator
The Tupinamba responded to this outrage with the Tamoio Confederation, a powerful military alliance that could destroy Saint Vincent, with the help of the French who had founded a Protestant refugee colony, France Antarctique in Guanabara Bay before the foundation of Rio de Janeiro. The Portuguese set two Jesuit priests, Fathers Anchieta and Nobrega, to Ubatuba (a tribe named Yperoig), to make peace with the Tupinamba Indians. Anchieta was kept as a hostage and Nobrega got back to Saint Vincent along with the Chief Cunhambebe to make arrangements for the final Treaty. The Portuguese won, destroying France Antarctique and keeping the land. designer radiators
Beaches,from the left: Praia Vermelha do Sul, Praia Brava and Praia Dura cast iron radiator
Population history in numbers
Year
Population
Density
2003
72,857
102.33/km
2004
76,847
107.93/km
References
^ http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2006/POP_2006_DOU.pdf
External links
(Portuguese) Conhea Ubatuba - Tourist guide of Ubatuba
(Portuguese) City Hall website
(Portuguese) Ubatuba at Citybrazil.com.br
(Portuguese) Ubatuba News
(Portuguese) Complete Guide of Ubatuba
(Portuguese) Ubatuba on Explorevale
Natividade da Serra and So Lus do Paraitinga
Cunha
Parati
Caraguatatuba
Parati
Ubatuba
Caraguatatuba
Atlantic Ocean
v d e
State of So Paulo, Brazil
Government
Governors Senators
Transport
Highway system (List of highways)
Education
Universities
Sports
Auto racing
Autdromo Jos Carlos Pace Ayrton Senna
Football
FPF Campeonato Paulista de Futebol Srie A2 Srie A3 Segunda Diviso Copa Paulista Corinthians Palmeiras Santos So Paulo
Cities by population
Capital
So Paulo
1,000,000+
Campinas Guarulhos
500,000+
Osasco Ribeiro Preto Santo Andr So Bernardo do Campo So Jos dos Campos Sorocaba
200,000+
Barueri Bauru Carapicuba Diadema Embu Franca Guaruj Itaquaquecetuba Jacare Jundia Limeira Marlia Mau Mogi das Cruzes Piracicaba Praia Grande Presidente Prudente Santos So Carlos So Jos do Rio Preto So Vicente Sumar Suzano Taboo da Serra Taubat
100,000+
Americana Araatuba Araraquara Araras Atibaia Barretos Birigi Botucatu Bragana Paulista Catanduva Cotia Cubato Ferraz de Vasconcelos Francisco Morato Franco da Rocha Guaratinguet Hortolndia Indaiatuba Itapecerica da Serra Itapetininga Itapevi Itu Jandira Ja Mogi Guau Pindamonhangaba Po Ribeiro Pires Rio Claro Salto Santa Brbara d'Oeste Santana de Parnaba So Caetano do Sul Sertozinho Tatu Valinhos Vrzea Paulista
Mesoregion
Vale do Paraiba Paulista
Bananal
Arape Areias Bananal So Jos do Barreiro Silveiras
Campos do Jordo
Campos do Jordo Monteiro Lobato Santo Antnio do Pinhal So Bento do Sapuca
Caraguatatuba
Caraguatatuba Ilhabela So Sebastio Ubatuba
Guaratinguet
Aparecida Cachoeira Paulista Canas Cruzeiro Guaratinguet Lavrinhas Lorena Piquete Potim Queluz Roseira
Paraibuna/araitinga
Cunha Jambeiro Lagoinha Natividade da Serra Paraibuna Redeno da Serra So Lus do Paraitinga
So Jos dos Campos
Caapava Igarat Jacare Pindamonhangaba Santa Branca So Jos dos Campos Taubat Trememb
Southeast Region, Brazil
Esprito Santo Minas Gerais So Paulo Rio de Janeiro
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ubatuba
Categories: Coastal settlements in So Paulo (state) | Settlements established in 1637
International Mutoscope Reel Company
China Product
The International Mutoscope Reel Company was formed in the early 1920's to produce Mutoscope machines and the motion picture reels that the machines played, and continued to manufacture arcade machines, including the claw machine, until 1949.
History exercise bike recumbent
The mutoscope was a peep show-style movie viewer that was first manufactured by the American Mutoscope and Biograph company, and is notable for being one of the first means by which motion pictures were exhibited. The company gradually changed its focus to motion picture production and projection, and by the early 1920s, had stopped production of both mutoscopes and the movie reels that were played by the machines. elliptical cross trainer
Rather than allowing the format, still popular in arcades and amusement areas, to disappear, entrepreneur William Rabkin was given permission to continue producing mutoscope reels and machines using the trademarked name. By 1925, he had formed the International Mutoscope Reel Company for the purpose of manufacturing new movie reels to play on both the old mutoscope machines and the new ones that the company started selling. During the golden age of the penny arcade, the company produced a number of amusement machines, including fortune tellers, skill games, and may have been the first to market the claw machine. The company went out of business in 1949. horizon treadmill
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2007)
^ "Pin Game", Time, December 24, 1934,
Categories: History of film | Defunct manufacturing companies of the United States | VendingHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from September 2007 | All articles needing additional references
Preclinical imaging
China Product
Micro-ultrasound
Vevo 2100 high-frequency micro-ultrasound system from VisualSonics
Principle: High-frequency micro-ultrasound works through the generation of harmless sound waves from transducers into living systems. As the sound waves propagate through tissue, they are reflected back and picked up by the transducer, and can then be translated into 2D and 3D images. Micro-ultrasound is specifically developed for small animal research by VisualSonics, with frequencies ranging from 15 MHz to 80 MHz, compared with clinical ultrasound systems which range from 3-15 MHz. In addition, contrast agents in the form of microbubbles, which have different acoustic properties from that of tissues can be introduced into animal systems to future highlight vasculature or be targeted towards specific receptors. fetal doppler monitor
Strengths: Micro-ultrasound is the only real-time imaging modality per se, capturing data at up to 1000 frames per second. This means that not only is it more than capable of visualizing blood flow in vivo, it can even be used to study high speed events such as blood flow and cardiac function in mice. Micro-ultrasound systems are portable, do not require any dedicated facilities, and is extremely cost-effective compared to other systems. It also does not run the risk of confounding results through side-effects of radiation. Currently, imaging of up to 30 m is possible, allowing the visualization of tiny vasculature in cancer angiogenesis. To image capillaries, this resolution can be further increased to 3-5 m with the injection of microbubble contrast agents. Furthermore, microbubbles can be conjugated to markers such as v3 integrin and vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR), in order to provide molecular visualization. Thus, it is capable of a wide range of applications that can only be achieved through dual imaging modalities such as micro-MRI/PET. prenatal heart monitor
Weaknesses: Unlike micro-MRI, micro-CT, micro-PET, and micro-SPECT, micro-ultrasound has a limited depth of penetration. As frequency increases (and so does resolution), maximum imaging depth decreases. Typically, micro-ultrasound can image tissue of around 3 cm below the skin, and this is more than sufficient for small animals such as mice. The performance of ultrasound imaging is often perceived as to be linked with the experience and skills of the operator. However, this is changing rapidly as systems are being designed into user-friendly devices that produce highly reproducible results. One other potential disadvantage of micro-ultrasound is that the targeted microbubble contrast agents cannot diffuse out of vasculature, even in tumors. However, this may actually be advantageous for applications such as tumor perfusion and angiogenesis imaging. fetal heart rate monitor
Cancer Research: The advances in micro-ultrasound has been able to aid cancer research in a plethora of ways. For example, researchers can easily quantify tumor size in two and three dimensions. Not only so, blood flow speed and direction can also be observed through ultrasound. Furthermore, micro-ultrasound can be used to detect and quantify cardiotoxicity in response to anti-tumor therapy, since it is the only imaging modality that has instantaneous image acquisition. Because of its real-time nature, micro-ultrasound can also guide micro-injections of drugs, stem cells, etc into small animals without the need for surgical intervention. Contrast agents can be injected into the animal to perform real-time tumor perfusion and targeted molecular imaging and quantification of biomarkers. Recently, micro-ultrasound has even been shown to be an effective method of gene delivery.
Micro-PAT
3D image from prototype micro-PAT device
Principle: Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) works on the natural phenomenon of tissues to thermalelastically expand when stimulated with externally applied electromagnetic waves, such as short laser pulses. This causes ultrasound waves to be emitted from these tissues, which can then be captured by an ultrasound transducer. The thermoelastic expansion and the resulting ultrasound wave is dependent on the wavelength of light used. PAT allows for complete non-invasiveness when imaging the animal. This is especially important when working with brain tumor models, which are notoriously hard to study.
Strengths: Micro-PAT can be described as an imaging modality that is applicable in a wide variety of functions. It combines the sensitivity of optical imaging with the high spatial resolution of ultrasound imaging. For this reason, it can not only image structure, but also separate between different tissue types, study hemodynamic responses, and even track molecular contrast agents conjugated to specific biological molecules. Furthermore, it is non-invasive and can be quickly performed, making it ideal for longitudinal studies of the same animal.
Weaknesses: Because micro-PAT is still limited by the penetrating strength of light and sound, it does not have unlimited depth of penetration. However, it is sufficient to pass through rat skull and image up to a few centimeters down, which is more than sufficient for most animal research. One other drawback of micro-PAT is that it relies on optical absorbance of tissue to receive feedback, and thus poorly vascularized tissue such as the prostate is difficult to visualize. Furthermore, image acquisition at the moment is not as fast as it could be in theory, and it takes approximately 15 minutes to take a scan. However, it should be noted that all the systems tested till now are experimental models and no commercial unit is available yet. Thus, many of the issues above may be addressed with better technology and more sophisticated transducers and software. In fact, VisualSonics is currently developing a commercial micro-PAT system to be released in 2010 with features that are beyond the capabilities of experimental systems, such as image scanning up to 20 frames per second, allowing 3D tomography construction to be achieved in under 30 seconds.
Cancer research: The study of brain cancers has been significantly hampered by the lack of an easy imaging modality to study animals in vivo. To do so, often a craniotomy is needed, in addition to hours of anesthesia, mechanical ventilation, etc. which significantly alters experimental parameters. For this reason, many researchers have been content to sacrifice animals at different time points and study brain tissue with traditional histological Compared to an in vivo longitudinal study, many more animals are needed to obtain significant results, and the sensitivity of the entire experiment is cast in doubt. As stated earlier, the problem is not reluctance by researchers to use in vivo imaging modalities, but rather a lack of suitable ones. For example, although optical imaging provides fast functional data and oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin analysis, it requires a craniotomy and only provides a few hundred microns of penetration depth. Furthermore, it is focused on one area of the brain, while research has made it apparently clear that brain function is interrelated as a whole. On the other hand, micro-fMRI is extremely expensive, and offers dismal resolution and image acquisition times when scanning the entire brain. It also provides little vasculature information. Micro-PAT has been demonstrated to be a significant enhancement over existing in vivo neuro-imaging devices. It is fast, non-invasive, and provides a plethora of data output. Micro-PAT can image the brain with high spatial resolution, detect molecular targeted contrast agents, simultaneously quantify functional parameters such as SO2 and HbT, and provide complementary information from functional and molecular imaging which would be extremely useful in tumor quantification and cell-centered therapeutic analysis.
Micro-MRI
Micro-MRI system from Magnex Scientific
Principle: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) exploits the nuclear magnetic alignments of different atoms inside a magnetic field to generate images. MRI machines consist of large magnets that generate magnetic fields around the target of analysis. These magnetic fields cause paramagnetic atoms such as hydrogen, gadolinium, and manganese to align themselves in a magnetic dipole along the magnetic fields, created by the radiofrequency (RF) coils inside the MRI machine. What the machine captures from the subject is the relaxation of the atoms as they return to their normal alignment when the RF pulse is temporarily ceased. With this data, a computer will generate an image of the subject based on the resonance characteristics of different tissue types.
Strengths: The advantage of micro-MRI is that it has good spatial resolution, up to 100 m and even 25 m in very high strength magnetic fields. It also has excellent contrast resolution to distinguish between normal and pathological tissue. Micro-MRI can be used in a wide variety of applications, including anatomical, functional, and molecular imaging. Furthermore, since micro-MRI mechanism is based on a magnetic field, it is much safer compared to radiation based imaging modalities such as micro-CT and micro-PET.
Weaknesses: One of the biggest drawbacks of micro-MRI is its cost. Depending on the magnetic strength (which determines resolution), systems used for animal imaging between 1.5 and 14 teslas in magnetic flux density range from $1 million to over $6 million, with most systems costing around $2 million. Furthermore, the image acquisition time is extremely long, spanning into minutes and even hours. This may negatively affect animals that are anesthetized for long periods of time. In addition, micro-MRI typically captures a snapshot of the subject in time, and thus it is unable to study blood flow and other real-time processes well. Even with recent advances in high strength functional micro-MRI, there is still around a 10-15 second lag time to reach peak signal intensity, making important information such as blood flow velocity quantification difficult to access.
Cancer research: Micro-MRI is often used to image the brain because of its ability to non-invasively penetrate the skull. Because of its high resolution, micro-MRI can also detect early small-sized tumors. Antibody-bound paramagnetic nanoparticles can also be used to increase resolution and to visualize molecular expression in the system. However, micro-MRI needs to be used in conjunction with other rue molecular imaging modalities, such as micro-PET and micro-SPECT, in order to image down to the molecular level.
Micro-CT
Micro-CT system
Principle: Computed Tomography (CT) imaging works through X-rays that are emitted from a focused radiation source that is rotated around the test subject placed in the middle of the CT scanner. The X-ray is attenuated at different rates depending on the density of tissue it is passing through, and is then picked up by sensors on the opposite end of the CT scanner from the emission source. In contrast to traditional 2D X-ray, since the emission source in a CT scanner is rotated around the animal, a series of 2D images can then be combined into 3D structures by the computer.
Strengths: Micro-CT can have excellent spatial resolution, which can be up to 6 m when combined with contrast agents. However, it must be noted that the radiation dose needed to achieve this resolution is lethal to small animals, and a 50 m spatial resolution is a better representation of the limits of micro-CT. It is also decent in terms of image acquisition times, which can be in the range of minutes for small animals. In addition, micro-CT is excellent for bone imaging.
Weaknesses: One of the major drawbacks of micro-CT is the radiation dosage placed on test animals. Although this is generally not lethal, the radiation is high enough to affect the immune system and other biological pathways, which may ultimately change experimental outcomes. It should also be noted that radiation may affect tumor size in cancer models as it mimics radiotherapy, and thus extra control groups might be needed to account for this potential confounding variable. In addition, the contrast resolution of micro-CT is quite poor, and thus it is unsuitable for distinguishing between similar tissue types, such as normal vs. diseased tissues.
Cancer research: Micro-CT is most often used as an anatomical imaging system in animal research because of the benefits that were mentioned earlier. Contrast agents can also be injected to study blood flow. However, contrast agents for micro-CT, such as iodine, are difficult to conjugate molecular targets1 with, and thus it is rarely used in molecular imaging techniques. As such, micro-CT is often combined with micro-PET/SPECT for anatomical and molecular imaging in research.
Micro-PET
Micro-PET system
Principle: Positron Emission Tomography (PET) images living systems by recording high-energy -rays emitted from within the subject. The source of the radiation comes from positron-emitting-bound biological molecules, such as 18F-FDG (fludeoxyglucose), which is injected into the test subject. As the radioisotopes decay, they emit positrons which annihilates with electrons found naturally in the body. This produces 2 -rays at ~180 apart, which are picked up by sensors on opposite ends of the PET machine. This allows individual emission events to be localized within the body, and the data set is reconstructed to produce images.
Strengths: The strength of micro-PET is that because the radiation source is within the animal, it has practically unlimited depth of imaging. The acquisition time is also reasonably fast, usually around minutes. Since different tissues have different rates of uptake radiolabelled molecular probes, micro-PET is also extremely sensitive to molecular details, and thus only nanograms of molecular probes are needed for imaging.
Weaknesses: Micro-PET suffers from numerous serious disadvantages. Firstly, the systems are extremely expensive at around $1 million, and often cyclotrons ($700k) need to be purchased as well to produce radioisotopes. Radioactive isotopes used in micro-PET have very short half-lives (110 min for 18F-FDG). In order to generate these isotopes, cyclotrons in radiochemistry laboratories are needed in close proximity of the micro-PET machines. It should also be noted that radiation may affect tumor size in cancer models as it mimics radiotherapy, and thus extra control groups might be needed to account for this potential confounding variable. Micro-PET also suffers from poor spatial resolution of around 1 mm. In order to conduct a well rounded research that involves not only molecular imaging but also anatomical imaging, micro-PET needs to be used in conjunction with micro-MRI or micro-CT, which further decreases accessibility to many researchers because of high cost and specialized facilities.
Cancer research: PET is usually widely used in clinical oncology, and thus results from small animal research are easily translated. Because of the way 18F-FDG is metabolized by tissues, it results in intense radiolabelling in most cancers, such as brain and liver tumors. Almost any biological compound can be traced by micro-PET, as long as it can be conjugated to a radioisotope, which makes it suitable towards studying novel pathways.
Micro-SPECT
Micro-SPECT system
Principle: Similar to PET, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) also images living systems through -rays emitted from within the subject. Unlike PET, the radioisotopes used in SPECT (such as technetium-99m) emit -rays directly, instead of from annihilation events of a positron and electron. These rays are then captured by a -camera rotated around the subject and subsequently rendered into images.
Strengths: The benefit of this approach is that the nuclearisotopes are much more readily available, cheaper, and have longer half-lives as compared to micro-PET isotopes. Like micro-PET, micro-SPECT also has very good sensitivity and only nanograms of molecular probes are needed. Furthermore, by using different energy radioisotopes conjugated to different molecular targets, micro-SPECT has the advantage over micro-PET in being able to image several molecular events simultaneously.
Weaknesses: The downside of capturing -rays that are produced directly by the radioisotope is a less accurate prediction of the origin of the radiation, which translates into even lower resolution than micro-PET. Consequently, complementary systems such as micro-SPECT/MRI and micro-SPECT/CT are needed to provide a complete view of the test animals. Micro-SPECT still has considerable radiation which may affect physiological and immunological pathways in the small animals. It should also be noted that radiation may affect tumor size in cancer models as it mimics radiotherapy, and thus extra control groups might be needed to account for this potential confounding variable. Micro-SPECT can also be up to two orders of magnitude less sensitive than PET. Furthermore, labeling compounds with micro-SPECT isotopes require chelating molarities which may alter their biochemical or physical properties.
Cancer research: Micro-SPECT is often used in cancer research for molecular imaging of cancer-specific ligands. It can also be used to image the brain because of its penetration power. Since newer radioisotopes involve nanoparticles such as 99mTC-labelled iron oxide nanoparticles, they could potentially be combined with drug delivery systems in the future.
Optical Imaging
Fluorescence imaging system
Principle: Optical imaging is divided into fluorescence and bioluminescence. Fluorescence imaging works on the basis of fluorochromes inside the subject that are excited by an external light source, and which emit light of a different wavelength in response. Some common fluorochromes include GFP, RFP, and their many mutants. Bioluminescence imaging, on the other hand, is based on light generated by chemiluminescent enzymatic reactions. In both fluorescence and bioluminescence imaging, the light signals are captured by Charged Coupled Device (CCD) cameras cooled up to -150 C, making them extremely light-sensitive. In events where more light is produced, less sensitive cameras or even the naked eye can be used to visualize the image.
Strengths: Optical imaging is fast and easy to perform, and is relatively inexpensive compared to many of the other imaging modalities. Furthermore, it is extremely sensitive, being able to detect molecular events in the 10-15 M range. In addition, since bioluminescence imaging does not require excitation of the reporter, but rather the catalysis reaction itself, it is indicative of the biological / molecular process and has almost no background noise.
Weaknesses: A major weakness of optical imaging is the depth of penetration. Typically, this is only limited to a few millimeters. Furthermore, in the case of fluorescence imaging, light in the infrared region has the best penetration depth, so fluorochromes might need to be specifically designed to be optimally excited. In addition, optical imaging has subpar spatial resolution compared to other modalities, only reaching up to 1 mm to 10 mm, compared to MRI at 100 m, and micro-ultrasound at 30 m, for example.
Cancer research: Because of poor spatial resolution, optical imaging is typically used only for molecular purposes, and not anatomical imaging. Due to poor depth of penetration, it is used for subcutaneous models of cancer, and most orthotopic models are out of reach. Often, investigation of specific protein expression in cancer and drug effects on these expressions are studied in vivo with genetically engineered light-emitting reporter genes.
References
^ a b c d e f g Willmann JK, van Bruggen N, Dinkelborg LM, Gambhir SS. Molecular imaging in drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008 Jul;7:591-607.
^ a b Foster FS, Mehi J, Lukacs M, Hirson D, White C, Chaggares C, Needles A. A new 15-50 MHz array-based micro-ultrasound scanner for preclinical imaging. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2009 Oct;35(10):1700-8. Epub 2009 Aug 3.
^ Deng CX, Sieling F, Pan H, Cui J. Ultrasound-induced cell membrane porosity. Ultrasound Med Biol 2004 Apr;30(4):519-26.
^ a b c Li ML, Oh JT, Xie X, Ku G, Wang W, Li Chun, et al. Simultaneous molecular and hypoxia imaging of brain tumors in vivo using spectroscopic photoacoustic tomography. Proc IEEE 2008 Mar;96(3):481-9.
^ a b Wang X, Fowlkes JB, Carson PL. Experimental evaluation of a high-speed photoacoustic tomography system based on a commercial ultrasound unit. Proc IEEE Ultasonics Symp 2008;1234-7.
^ a b c d Koo V, Hamilton PW, Williamson K. Non-invasive in vivo imaging in small animal research. Cellular Oncology 2006;28:127-39.
^ van der Zwaag W, Francis S, Head K, Peters A, Gowland P, Morris P, et al. fMRI at 1.5, 3 and 7 T: characterizing BOLD signal changes. Neuroimage 2009 Oct 1;47(4):1425-34.
^ Boone JM, Velazquez O, Cherry SR. Small-animal X-ray dose from micro-CT. Mol Imaging 2004 Jul;3(3):149-58.
^ a b Schober O, Rahbar K, Riemann B. Multimodality molecular imaging from target description to clinical studies. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009;36:302-14.
^ a b c Massoud TF, Gambhir SS. Molecular imaging in living subjects: seeing fundamental biological processes in a new light. Genes Dev 2003;17:545-80.
Categories: Imaging | Medical physics | Medical imaging
China Lake Grenade Launcher
China Product
Users
United States
Navy SEALs bear compound bow
Force Recon rotating tree stand
5th Special Forces Group bushnell rifle scopes
See also
EX 41 grenade launcher
M79 grenade launcher
M203 grenade launcher
M32 grenade Launcher
M320 grenade launcher
Mk 19 grenade launcher
References
^ a b Bruce, Robert (December 2006). "Treasures of the UDT-SEAL Museum". Small Arms Review 10 (3): 46. ISSN 1094-995x.
^ Dockery, Kevin (December 2004). Weapons of the Navy SEALs. New York City: Berkley Publishing Group. p. 382. ISBN 0-425-19834-0.
External links
Canal Side Guns version, including a movie of it in use
Airtronic USA
Categories: Grenade launchersHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007
Granita
China Product
For other uses, see Granita (disambiguation).
Granita, like this almond-flavoured example, is often eaten along with brioche in Sicily. amaretto coffee
Tris di granite (trio of granitas) with wild strawberry, mandarin and almond flavors. guarana soft drink
Granita (in Italian also granita siciliana) is a semi-frozen dessert of sugar, water, and flavorings originally from Sicily, although available all over Italy (but granita in Sicily is somewhat different from the rest of Italy). Related to sorbet and italian ice, in most of Sicily it has a coarser, more crystalline texture. Food writer Jeffrey Steingarten says that "the desired texture seems to vary from city to city" on the island; on the west coast and in Palermo, it is at its chunkiest, and in the east it is nearly as smooth as sorbet. This is largely the result of different freezing techniques: the smoother types are produced in a gelato machine, while the coarser varieties are frozen with only occasional agitation, then scraped or shaved to produce separated crystals. lipton ice tea
Common and traditional flavoring ingredients include lemon juice, mandarin oranges, jasmine, coffee, almonds, mint, and when in season wild strawberries and black mulberries. Chocolate granitas have a tradition in the city of Catania and, according to Steingarten, nowhere else in Sicily. The nuances of the Sicilian ingredients are important to the flavor of the finished granita: Sicilian lemons are a less acidic, more floral variety similar to Meyer lemons, while the almonds used contain some number of bitter almonds, crucial to the signature almond flavor.
Granita with coffee is very common in the city of Messina, while granita with almonds is popular in the city of Catania. Granita in combination with a yeast pastry called brioche is a common breakfast in summer time. (The Sicilian brioche is generally flatter and wider than the French version.)
Granita is often found served as a slush-type drink rather than a dessert, in a paper or plastic cup with a plastic lid and a straw (often a spoon straw).
References
^ Steingarten, Jeffrey (1997). "The Mother of All Ice Cream". The Man Who Ate Everything. Vintage Books. pp. 361380. ISBN 0-375-70202-4. The chapter is an essay first published in June 1996.
See also
Italian ice
snow cone
Categories: Italian desserts | Frozen desserts | Sicilian cuisine
Mercury Mariner
China Product
Hybrid
First generation
Production string trimmer edger
20052007 thickness planer
Assembly electric belt sanders
Claycomo, Missouri
Avon Lake, Ohio
Length
174.9 in (4442 mm)
Width
70.1 in (1781 mm)
Height
69.7 in (1770 mm)
Hybrid: 70.4 in (1788 mm)
Fuel capacity
16.5 US gal (62.5 L; 13.7 imp gal)
The Mariner Hybrid powertrain is identical to its sibling, the Ford Escape Hybrid, and it was launched to the U.S. market in 2006.
Mercury Mariner Hybrid
Like the Ford Escape Hybrid, the Mariner Hybrid is a "full" hybrid electric system, meaning the system can switch automatically between pure electric power, pure gasoline engine power, or a combination of electric battery and gasoline engine operating together, for maximum performance and efficiency at all speeds and loads. When braking or decelerating, the Mariner's hybrid system uses regenerative braking, where the electric drive motor becomes a generator, converting the vehicle's momentum back to electricity for storage in the batteries. With 155 hp (116 kW), the Mariner Hybrid has nearly the same acceleration performance as the conventional 200 hp (150 kW) V6 Mariner. Again, just like the Escape Hybrid, it gets a respectable average of 34 miles per US gallon (6.9 L/100 km; 41 mpg-imp) and is sometimes said to be the most fuel efficient sport utility vehicle on the road.
Presidential Edition
On September 7, 2006 Ford delivered a special "Presidential Edition" Mercury Mariner Hybrid to former President Bill Clinton. Its custom features include:
LED lighting
A 110-volt outlet
Rear bucket seats
Center console & rear seat fold-out writing desks
Personal DVD players for each seat
Refrigerator
Increased rear seat legroom
There have also been several undisclosed security modifications made to the vehicle.
Second generation
Second generation
Production
2008-present
Assembly
Claycomo, Missouri
Length
2008: 175.2 in (4450 mm)
2009: 174.7 in (4437 mm)
2010: 175.1 in (4448 mm)
Width
71.1 in (1806 mm)
Height
68.8 in (1748 mm)
Premier: 70.0 in (1778 mm)
Hybrid: 67.7 in (1720 mm)
Fuel capacity
16.5 US gal (62.5 L; 13.7 imp gal)
Hybrid: 15.0 US gal (56.8 L; 12.5 imp gal)
For the 2008 model year the Mariner was significantly updated with a new look although it remained on the Ford CD2 platform used by the previous generation.
The changes included a new seats, headlights, taillights, a new liftgate, a higher beltline and new doors and wheels.
The interior was also significantly updated with higher quality materials and more refined features.
The engines remained the same but the 3.0 L Duratec V6 has been modified to reduce fuel consumption by 10%.
Mariner and its Ford Escape sibling were the first vehicles to feature Ford's pull-drift steering compensation, an enhancement made possible by applying software control to the Electric Power Steering (EPS) system.
The first 2008 Mercury Mariner was unveiled at the South Florida International Auto Show on October 6, 2006 and was touted as a new direction for the Mercury brand.[citation needed]
2009 changes
The 2009 Ford Escape and Mercury Mariner were unveiled at the 2008 Washington Auto Show. Sporting a 2.5-liter engine and 6-speed automatic transmission that replaces the four speed automatic transmission, the new powertrain is expected to improve the EPA estimated fuel economy by 1 mile per gallon and increase power by 11% to 170 horsepower (130 kW). As well as the existing 3.0-liter Duratec V6 being bumped from 200 horsepower (150 kW) to a more respectable 240 horses and the 6-speed automatic as well.
The new engine is also the new basis for Ford hybrid models, including the Ford Escape Hybrid and Mercury Mariner Hybrid. or every eight Escape and Mariner vehicles we sell, one of them is a hybrid, and the appeal is growing, says Sue Ciscke, Ford senior vice president, Sustainability, Environment and Safety Engineering.
Also on display at the show is a Ford Escape Plug-in Hybrid (PHEV) alongside the production Escape Hybrid. The plug-in research vehicle uses high voltage, lithium-ion batteries and can travel up to 30 miles (48 km) on battery power alone before switching to full hybrid mode, delivering the equivalent of up to 120 miles per US gallon (2.0 L/100 km; 140 mpg-imp) for far fewer trips to the gas station.
Ford is collaborating with Southern California Edison in a unique partnership to advance the commercialization of PHEVs. This is part of Ford sustainability strategy, which also includes EcoBoost engine technology, announced at the 2008 North American International Auto Show.
2010 changes
For the 2010 model year, the Mariner added Ford's MyKey and trailer sway controls as standard on all trim levels. The Mariner engine has a Flex-Fuel option on all of them which features being able to use E85 fuel and/or regular unleaded only on the optional V6 engine.
Countries sold
The Mariner is officially offered in the U.S., Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the U.A.E.
Awards
Consumers Digest best buy for 2005, 2006, 2007.
Mercury Mariner Hybrid was awarded 2006 Green Car of the Year.
See also
List of hybrid vehicles
Notes
^ "2009 Mercury Mariner Hybrid Review". Automoblog.net. http://www.automoblog.net/2008/11/11/2009-mercury-mariner-hybrid-review/. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
^ "Clinton to get custom hybrid SUV". CNN.com. September 7, 2006. http://www.cnn.com/2006/AUTOS/09/07/clinton_hybrid/index.html. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
^ "2008 Mariner Specifications". Media.Ford.com. http://media.ford.com/press_kits_detail.cfm?presskit_id=1518&item_id=4717&press_section_id=2878. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
^ "2008 Mariner Hybrid Specifications". Media.Ford.com. http://media.ford.com/press_kits_detail.cfm?presskit_id=1618&item_id=5054&press_section_id=2878. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
^ "Ford builds on electric power steering technology to enhance drive quality, enable more features". Media.Ford.com. March 12, 2009. http://www.media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=30019. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mercury Mariner
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Categories: Mercury vehicles | Compact SUVs | All wheel drive vehicles | Front wheel drive vehicles | 2000s automobiles | Hybrid electric vehicles | Partial zero-emissions vehicles | Hybrid SUVs | Vehicles introduced in 2005 | Ford CD2 platformHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009
