My Child

China Product


History

The first dolls were made in Taiwan. Their features differ slightly than the Chinese factory dolls. A rounder face, smaller belly button and longer toes are just some of the differences. "Taiwan" babies are also known for eyes which protrude from their face, and they have more facial "sagging" than the dolls made in China.

Between 1987 and 1988, Mattel brought out a vinyl faced doll called a "Loving Baby". These dolls had bodies made with the same soft fabric as a My Child, with similar skin-tones, posable legs and solid arm-joints and pink or blue torsos. A button on their back allowed them to hug. Their skin-tone was either pale or peachy, and they had red, brunette, ash-blond or blond hair. They came with one outfit, a two piece short and top set in either blue or pink. inflatable world globe

Description inflatable towable tube

Dolls came as boys or girls, with four different skin tones: American pale (with a green heart on the bottom), Australian/European peach, African-American and Hispanic. inflatable outdoor christmas decorations

Eye color varies too. All African-American and Hispanic dolls had brown eyes (Hispanic dolls eyes have orange rays above their pupils). The other dolls had blue, aqua, green or brown eyes. Occasionally a doll can be found with a factory "flaw" and their eye color can vary from the standard, for example hazel, lilac, blue-gray or blue-green.

There is also a variety of hair colors. The African-American dolls have black hair; Hispanics have brown hair, and the others had blond, ash-blonde/two tone, brunette, red and (in the last year of production strawberry-blonde.

Hair styles varied too. African-American girls all came with "curly pigtails" (two pigtails with a short fringe right around the head). Hispanic girls came with a v-part style (little bunches on either side of the head, and a full fringe). The other girls had top-knots (short hair with one small bunch on the side), double top-knot (short hair with a small bunch on either side), curly pigtails (similar to the African-American dolls), other variations of pigtails (double ribbons, ringlets), v-part (similar to the Hispanic girls), ringlets and their variations - side-part, mid-part and long ponytail, crimped and very long hair (nearly to dolls' ankles). Boys' hairstyles were either curly with no part or straight with a short part.

Other facial features differ between dolls too. Eyelashes range in color from peachy-orange through to brown or dark (charcoal) with purple or gray color on eyelids. Cheek color was either pink or peachy-orange lip color varies between pink and peach.

Clothing

Dolls originally came with many different outfits, the girls in sailor dresses, pinafore outfits (with or without a little book and pocket bear), smocked party dresses, seersucker overall outfits, sleeper sets (with fluffy slippers and a teddy bear), duck dresses, flare dress, playtime/ABC dresses, Australian pinafores/jumpers, school dresses and many others. The boys had their own outfits; some of these are the sailor outfit, duck overall outfit, vest and shorts outfit, sweater outfit and a couple of different outfits sold separately.

Shoes were sold in 2 different styles, a Mary-Jane/t-bar style or a lace-up Oxford.

My Pets

My Pets were also sold. They were puppies(blue and tan), bears(grey and brown), cats(yellow and pink) and rabbits(purple and white). With the same "My Child" eyes, they had pink noses and an animal-style mouth, with fur covered bodies (their hands, soles of their feet and stomaches showing through).

Collecting

Collectors look for many things when looking to purchase a doll. Certain facial features, eye and hair colors, styles and skin tone may affect a doll's desirability and so will influence the price. These dolls are now around 20 years old, and as they were designed as a children's toy, many are in "played-with" condition, which varies from slight pilling, eye scratches and other damage, stains, broken joints, "melted-eye syndrome" and hair-cuts.

Sources

My Child Workshop - Large collector community

Vicky's My Child Dolls

Kaylee's Korner of Collectable Dolls

Marisa's My Child Doll Website

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German wine classification

China Product


Overview of categories

Two of the basic parameters in the classification of German wines is sweetness and quality. Wine quality is to some extent is a subjective judgement, and within the framework of any formal wine classification, different producers achieve very different results. However, the different quality categories used in classification of German wines are to some extent related to varying wine-making practices that generally are associated with different levels of quality:

The EU category "quality wines" is by definition supposed to be superior to the category "table wines". cat attract cat litter

A category that allows chaptalization is generally inferior to a category that does not allow chaptalization, if wines that are "true to terroir" are to be produced. elizabethan dog collar

A category that may only be produced in certain vineyard sites is generally superior to a category which may be produced anywhere. cat litter brands

A category that requires the grapes or the wine to fulfill quality criteria (e.g. ripeness of the grapes) that are so stringent that they can not be met by most vineyard sites in most vintages, can also be considered superior to categories which can be produced from almost any vineyard in almost any vintage.

Applying these distinctions to the categories in German wine classification gives the following overview. The table is primarily drawn up with wines produced from riesling grapes in mind.

Sweetness

Indicative sugar level

Typical quality level

grams per liter

Low

Medium

Medium to high

High

Chaptalization allowed

Chaptalization not allowed

Table wine (EU)

Quality wine (EU)

From any vineyard

in any vintage

Only from classified vineyards

or

Usually not possible to produce

in any vineyard in any vintage

Intensely sweet

>150,

sometimes >200

Trockenbeerenauslese

(Eiswein)

Sweet

100-150

Eiswein

Beerenauslese

Auslese

(Especially if Goldkapsel or ***

has been added)

Semi-sweet

30-60

Tafelwein

QbA

Liebfraumilch

Sptlese

Kabinett

Auslese

(Especially from Mosel)

Erste Lage Sptlese

Erste Lage Kabinett

Off-dry

Can taste "internationally dry"

if the acid level is sufficient

10-20

Tafelwein

Landwein

QbA feinherb

QbA halbtrocken

Classic

Sptlese feinherb

Kabinett feinherb

Sptlese halbtrocken

Kabinett halbtrocken

Auslese feinherb

Auslese halbtrocken

Charta

Dry

0-9

Landwein

QbA trocken

Classic

Sptlese trocken

Kabinett trocken

Grosses Gewchs

Erstes Gewchs

Erste Lage QbA

Selection

Auslese trocken

Quality categories

The 1971 German wine law defines four overall quality categories:

Deutscher Tafelwein, or 'German table wine'

This is the equivalent to vin de table. It must be produced exclusively from allowed German-grown grape varieties in one of the five Tafelwine regions. Region or subregion must be indicated on the label. The grapes must reach a must weight of 44Oe on the Oechsle scale (5% potential alcohol) in most regions, with the exception of Baden where 50Oe (6% potential alcohol) must be reached. The alcohol content of the wine must be at least 8.5% by volume, and concentration or chaptalization can be used to reach this level. They must reach a total acidity of at least 4.5 grams/liter. Tafelwein (without "Deutscher") can be a so-called Euroblend, a table wine made from grapes grown in several European countries.

Deutscher Landwein, or 'German country wine'

This is the equivalent to vin de pays, and was introduced with the 1982 harvest. Regulations are similar to those for Deutscher Tafelwein, but must come from one of the 19 Landwein regions, the grapes must reach 0.5% higher potential alcohol, and the wine must be dry (trocken) or off-dry (halbtrocken) in style, i.e. may not be semi-sweet. "Landwein" can also refer to German fruit wines.

Qualittswein bestimmter Anbaugebiete (QbA), or quality wine from a specific region.

These wines must be produced exclusively from allowed varieties in one of the 13 wine-growing regions (Anbaugebiete), and the region must be shown on the label. The grapes must reach a must weight of 51Oe to 72Oe depending on region and grape variety. The alcohol content of the wine must be at least 7% by volume, and chaptalization is allowed. QbA range from dry to semi-sweet, and the style is often indicated on the label. There are some special wine types which are considered as special forms of QbA. Some top-level dry wines are officially QbA although they would qualify as Prdikatswein. It should be noted that only Qualittswein plus the name of the region, rather than the full term Qualittswein bestimmter Anbaugebiete is found on the label.

Prdikatswein, recently (August 1, 2007) renamed from Qualittswein mit Prdikat (QmP)

The top level of the classification system. These prominently display a Prdikat from Kabinett to Trockenbeerenauslese on the label and may not be chaptalized. Prdikatswein range from dry to intensely sweet, but unless it is specifically indicated that the wine is dry or off-dry, these wines always contain a noticeable amount of residual sugar. Prdikatswein must be produced from allowed varieties in one of the 39 subregions (Bereich) of one of the 13 wine-growing regions, although it is the region rather than the subregion which is mandatory information on the label. (Some of the smaller regions, such as Rheingau, consist of one only one subregion.) The required must weight is defined by the Prdikat, and the alcohol content of the wine must be at least 7% by volume for Kabinett to Auslese, and 5.5% by volume for Beerenauslese, Eiswein and Trockenbeerenauslese.

Under the European Union wine quality grouping, Tafelwein and Landwein belong to the group of table wines, while QbA and Prdikatswein belong to the group of quality wines or VQPRD (Vin de qualit produit dans une rgion dtermine). In 2005, Tafelwein and Landwein only accounted for 3,6% of total production, QbA 49,6% and Prdikatwein (then called QmP) 46,8%. In most European countries, table wines make up a much higher proportion of the total production. While there are many German wines of excellent quality, the difference in comparison to other countries lie more in the national wine law and how it is applied by the growers. A case in point is Liebfraumilch, which foreign wine drinkers often see as the "simplest" German wine, but which is considered to be a special form of QbA and therefore a quality wine!

Prdikat designations

The Prdikatswein (formerly QmP) category of the classification contains most high-quality German wines, with the exception of some top-quality dry wines. The different Prdikat designations differ in terms of the required must weight, the sugar content of the grape juice, and the level required is dependent on grape variety and wine-growing region and is defined in terms of the Oechsle scale. In fact the must weight is seen as a rough indicator of quality (and price). The Prdikat system has its origin at Schloss Johannisberg in Rheingau, where the first Sptlese was produced in 1775 where wines received different colour seals based on their must weight.

The different Prdikat designations used are as followed, in order of increasing sugar levels in the must:

Kabinett

fully ripened light wines from the main harvest, typically semi-sweet with crisp acidity, but can be dry if designated so.

Sptlese - meaning "late harvest"

typically semi-sweet, often (but not always) sweeter and fruitier than Kabinett. Sptlese can be a relatively full-bodied dry wine if designated so. While Sptlese means late harvest the wine is not as sweet as a dessert wine.

Auslese - meaning "select harvest"

made from selected very ripe bunches or grapes, typically semi-sweet or sweet, sometimes with some noble rot character. Sometimes Auslese is also made into a powerful dry wine, but the designation Auslese trocken has been discouraged after the introduction of Grosses Gewchs. Auslese is the Prdikat which covers the widest range of wine styles, and can be a dessert wine.

Beerenauslese - meaning "select berry harvest"

made from individually selected overripe grapes often affected by noble rot, making rich sweet dessert wine.

Eiswein (ice wine)

made from grapes that have been naturally frozen on the vine, making a very concentrated wine. Must reach at least the same level of sugar content in the must as a Beerenauslese. The most classic Eiswein style is to use only grapes that are not affected by noble rot. Until the 1980s, the Eiswein designation was used in conjunction with another Prdikat (which indicated the ripeness level of the grapes before they had frozen), but is now considered a Prdikat of its own.

Trockenbeerenauslese - meaning "select dry berry harvest" or "dry berry selection"

made from selected overripe shrivelled grapes often affected by noble rot making extremely rich sweet wines.

The minimum must weight requirements for the different Prdikat designations are as follows. Many producers, especially top-level producers, exceed the minimum requirements by a wide margin.

Prdikat

Minimum must weight

Examples of requirements

Minimum alcohol level in the wine

Dependent on grape variety and wine-growing region

Riesling from Mosel

Riesling from Rheingau

Kabinett

67-82Oe

70Oe

73Oe

7%

Sptlese

76-90Oe

76Oe

85Oe

7%

Auslese

83-100Oe

83Oe

95Oe

7%

Beerenauslese, Eiswein

110-128Oe

110Oe

125Oe

5.5%

Trockenbeerenauslese

150-154Oe

150Oe

150Oe

5.5%

This does not necessarily determine the sweetness of the final wine, because the winemaker may choose to ferment the wine fully or let some residual sugar remain.

Additional designations

Wines can bear additional designation based on their sugar content or color.

A bottle of Kabinett and a bottle of Kabinett trocken from the same producer and vineyard, showing how the sugar content of the finished wine may be indicated on a German wine label.

Sweetness of the wine

The sugar content in the finished wine can be indicated by the following designations for QbA and Prdikatswein. For sparkling wines (Sekt), many of the same designations are used, but have a different meaning.

Designation

English translation

Maximum sugar level allowed

Low acid wines

Medium acid wines

High acid wines

trocken

dry

4 grams per liter

acid level in grams per liter + 2

9 grams per liter

halbtrocken

half-dry

12 grams per liter

acid level in grams per liter + 10

18 grams per liter

feinherb

off-dry

Unregulated designation, slightly sweeter than halbtrocken

lieblich, mild or restsss

semi-sweet

Usually not specially marked as such on the label.

Follows by default from their Prdikat in the absence of the above designations.

sss or edelsss

sweet

Usually not specially marked as such on the label.

Follows by default from their Prdikat in the absence of the above designations.

Color

There are also color designations that can be used on the label:

Weiwein - white wine

May be produced only from white varieties. This designation is seldom used.

Rotwein - red wine

May be produced only from red varieties with sufficient maceration to make the wine red. Sometimes used for clarification if the producer also makes ross from the same grape variety.

Roswein - ros wine

Produced from red varieties with a shorter maceration, the wine must have pale red or clear red color.

Weiherbst - ros wine or blanc de noirs

A ros wine which must conform to special rules: must be QbA or Prdikatswein, single variety and be labelled with the varietal name. There are no restrictions as to the color of the wine, so they range from pale gold to deep pink. Weiherbst wines also range from dry to sweet, such as ros Eiswein from Sptburgunder.

A bottle of regular Riesling Auslese (left) and a bottle of Riesling Auslese Goldkapsel (Gold capsule) from the same producer.

Extra ripeness or higher quality

Some producers also use additional designations to denote quality or ripeness level within a Prdikat. Especially for Auslese, which can cover a wide range of sweetness levels, the presence of any of these designations tends to indicate a sweet dessert wine rather than a semi-sweet wine. These designations are all unregulated.

Goldkapsel - gold capsule

A golden capsule or foil on the bottle. Denotes a wine considered better by the producer. Usually means a Prdikatswein that is sweeter or more intense, or indicates an auction wine made in a very small lot.

Stars *, ** or ***

Usually means that a Prdikatswein has been harvested at a higher level of ripeness than the minimum required, and can mean that the wine is sweeter or more intense.

Fuder (vat) numbers

Usually indicated for better wines and often the numbers are arranged in some logical order, although the same numbers need not return in each vintage. This practice seems to be most common for semi-sweet and sweet wines in the Mosel region.

Special and regional wine types

There are also a number of specialty and regional wines, considered as special version of some quality category. Here are some of them:

Liebfraumilch or Liebfrauenmilch

A semi-sweet QbA from the Rheingau, Nahe, Rheinhessen or Pfalz, consisting at least 70% of the varieties Riesling, Mller-Thurgau, Silvaner or Kerner. In practice there is very little Riesling in Liebfraumilch since varietally labelled Riesling wines tend to fetch a higher price. Liebfraumilch may not carry a varietal designation on the label. Liebfraumilch is probably Germany's most notorious wine type, and is in principle a medium-quality wine designation although more commonly perceived to be a low-quality wine both at home and on the export market.

Moseltaler

An off-dry/semi-sweet QbA cuve from Mosel made from the following white grape varieties: Riesling, Mller-Thurgau, Elbling and Kerner. May not carry a varietal designation on the label, and sold under a uniform logotype. Must have a residual sugar of 15-30 grams per liter and a minimum acidity of 7 grams per liter. Basically a Liebfraumilch-lookalike from Mosel.

Riesling Hochgewchs - Riesling high growth

A varietally pure Riesling QbA with at least 1.5% (approx 10Oe) higher potential alcohol than the minimum requirements for QbA in the region. Must also receive a higher grade (3 out of 5 rather than 1.5 out of 5) in the mandatory quality testing.

Rotling

A wine produced from a mixture of red and white varieties. A Rotling must have pale red or clear red color

Schillerwein

A Rotling from the Wrttemberg wine-growing region, which must be QbA or Prdikatswein.

Badisch Rotgold

A Rotling from the Baden wine-growing region, which must be QbA or Prdikatswein. It must be made from Grauburgunder and Sptburgunder and the varieties must be specified on the label.

New classes for dry wines

Indication: Selection in a vineyard in Rheinhessen

There are three classes for dry wines with official status:

Classic

Introduced with the 2000 vintage, Classic is in principle a dry or slightly off-dry QbA that conforms to slightly higher standards intended to make it food-friendly. It must be made from varieties considered classical in its region, have a potential alcohol of 1% (or 8Oe) above the minimum requirements for its variety and region, and have an alcohol level of minium 12.0% by volume, except in Mosel, where the minium level is 11.5%. Maximum sugar level is twice the acid level, but no more than 15 grams per liter.

Selection

in pricinple a Sptlese trocken from a selected site.

Erstes Gewchs

(first class growth), a designation used only in Rheingau for top-level dry wines from selected sites.

The following designations are not official, but have become increasingly used in recent years:

Grosses Gewchs

(great growth), a designation used by VDP members in all regions except Mosel and Rheingau to designate top-level dry wines from selected sites. Used by the organisation Bernkasteler Ring for the same purpose in Mosel.

Erste Lage

(first class site), a designation used by VDP to denote selected sites suitable for Erstes Gewchs and Grosses Gewchs wines. Also used by VDP in Mosel in conjunction with a Prdikat to design top-level wines from these selected sites. Erste Lage QbA is used for the dry wines.

Charta Riesling

a 100% Rheingau Riesling of QbA or Prdikat quality with a residual sugar ranging from 9-18 grams/liter (off-dry) and a minimum acidity of 7.5 grams/liter. The wines must achieve higher starting must weights than required by law and undergo sensory testing by a special panel (in addition to the A.P.Nr. procedure). Uniform packaging.

Historical classificiations no longer in use

Several terms went out of use with the 1971 wine law, but since many riesling wines can be successfully cellared for many decades, some of these designations may still be encountered on bottles.

Cabinet, or sometimes Kabinettwein

A better wine that has been set aside by the producer for later sale, corresponding to the use of the term Reserve in many countries. Often used in conjunction with a prdikat, so terms like "Trockenbeerenauslese Cabinet", which makes no sense whatsoever under the 1971 wine law, can be found on older bottles. The term Kabinett was not used in its later-day sense before the 1971 wine law.

Naturwein or Naturrein; natural wine or naturally pure

Designates a wine that has not been chaptalized. If no prdikat is used, it corresponds roughly to a post-1971 Kabinett, but can sometimes be drier (such as halbtrocken).

Edelbeerenauslese

Corresponds to Trockenbeerenauslese. Strangely enough, although Edelbeeren means noble berries, and Trockenbeeren means dry berries, Edelbeerenauslese has been used for sun-dried grapes rather than grapes affected by noble rot.

Eiswein Kabinett, Eiswein Sptlese, Eiswein Auslese, Eiswein Beerenauslese, Eiswein Trockenbeerenauslese

Before 1982, Eiswein was used together with another Prdikat, which denoted the must weight of the grapes before they froze. Since 1982, Eiswein is a Prdikat in its own right, with minimum must weights applied after freezing.

Geographic classification

See also: List of German wine regions

The geographic classification is different for Tafelwein, Landwein, QbA and Prdikatswein.

Geographic classification for Tafelwein and Landwein

There are four Tafelwein regions: Rhein-Mosel, Bayern, Neckar and Oberrhein. These are divided into a number of subregions, which in turn are divided into 19 Landwein regions. (There is no Landwein region for Franken.) Names of individual vineyards are not used for Tafelwein or Landwein.

Geographic classification for QbA and Prdikatswein

There are four levels of geographic classification, and any level of classification can be used on the label of QbA and Prdikatswein:

Anbaugebiet, wine growing regions, of which there are 13. Anbaugebiet is always indicated on the label of QbA and Prdikatswein.

Bereich, district, of which there are 39. Each Anbaugebiet is divided into one or more Bereiche.

Grolage, collective site, which is a collective name for a number of single vineyards, and which number about 170.

Einzellage, single vineyard, of which there are about 2 600.

The names of Grolagen and Einzellagen are always used together with the name of a wine village, because some Einzellage names, such as Schlossberg (castle hill) are used in several villages. Unfortunately, it is not possible to tell a Grolage from an Einzellage just by looking at the wine label. A few examples of how the names appear on labels:

The vineyard Sonnenuhr (meaning "sun dial") in the village Wehlen along the Mosel is designated as Wehlener Sonnenuhr.

The neighbouring village Zeltingen also has a vineyard called Sonnenuhr, and will appear on the label as Zeltinger Sonnenuhr.

Both these vineyards belong to Grolage Mnzlay, which is assigned to the village Wehlen. A wine from any of these vineyards, or a blend from both of them, can be sold under the name Wehlener Mnzlay.

These vineyards lie within Bereich Bernkastel, which provides an additional choice for labelling.

It is also possible to simply label the wine as a wine from Anbaugebiet Mosel.

The are a few exceptions to the rule that a village must be indicated together with the vineyard name, those are a handful of historical vineyards known as Ortsteil im sinne des Weingesetzes (village name in sense of the wine law). Examples are Schloss Johannisberg in Rheingau and Scharzhofberg along the Saar. They are of the same size as a typical Einzellage and could be thought of as Einzellagen which were so famous that they were excused from displaying the village name.

Labels

Main article: German wine label

Additional information found on the label include the A.P. number, Amtliche Prfungsnummer, which is the number documenting when and where the wine was given its classification.

Notes

^ O. Bird, Rheingold - the German Wine Renaissance, Arima publishing, 2005, ISBN 1-84549-079-7

^ Deutsches Weininstitut (German Wine Institute): Quality categories

^ Deutsches Weininstitut: German Wine Statistics 2006-2007

^ Wein-Plus Glossar: Sptlesereiter, read on September 2, 2007

^ Deutsches Weininstitut (German Wine Institute): Must weights

^ Deutsches Weininstitut: Sparkling wine (Sekt), accessed on March 25, 2009

^ Deutsches Weininstitut: Weinarten

^ Deutsches Weininstitut: Specialty & Regional wines

^ Deutsches Weininstitut: Gteklassen

^ Deutsches Weininstitut: Classic wines

^ Wein-Plus Glossar, Cabinet

^ Wein-Plus Glossar, Naturwein

Categories: German wine | Wine classification

The Flying Burrito Brothers

China Product


History

The "Flying Burrito Brothers" "borrowed" their name from the original "Flying Burrito Brothers", which consisted of bassist Ian Dunlop and drummer Mickey Gauvin, Parsons's bandmates from the Boston-based International Submarine Band, plus any of a loose coalition of musicians. In 1968, the original Brothers moved from Los Angeles to New York City to concentrate on creating and playing music without the distractions of the music industry. From New York they continued to tour the Northeast United States, playing their eclectic traditional/rockabilly/blues/R&B-oriented version of rock, using the name "The Flying Burrito Brothers East" after Parsons' group became famous.

Meanwhile, on the West Coast, Parsons and musician Chris Hillman thought this same moniker would be perfectly suited to the band they had been dreaming of since early 1968, when, as members of Roger McGuinn's band The Byrds, they created one of the first country-oriented rock albums, Sweetheart of the Rodeo. They immersed themselves in their vision in their house in the San Fernando Valley, dubbed "Burrito Manor", even replacing their wardrobe with a set of custom country-Western suits from Nudie's Rodeo Tailors, tailor to the C&W stars. Parsons' suit had marijuana leaf embroidery, as seen on The Gilded Palace of Sin album cover & on Nudie's Rodeo Tailors Online Museum Celebrity Photo Gallery. At this juncture, the band also included pianist/bassist Chris Ethridge, drummer Michael Clarke (of The Byrds), and pedal steel guitarist Sneaky Pete Kleinow. black satin blouse

Their first album, The Gilded Palace of Sin (1969), did not sell well, but the group had a cult following which included musicians such as Bob Dylan and The Rolling Stones. chinese blouse

Burrito Deluxe, Chris Etheridge departed, Chris Hillman moved to bass, and guitarist/Dobro player/vocalist Bernie Leadon was added. The FBB were among the initial acts on the stage at the Rolling Stones' infamous "Altamont" concert in December 1969, and were on stage when one of the first fights broke out in front of the stage, as documented in the film, Gimme Shelter. Parsons soon became friends with Rolling Stone Keith Richards, and left the group after the release of Burrito Deluxe in 1970. kimono blouse

Rick Roberts replaced Parsons and released a self-titled album with the group in 1971. Kleinow then left to become a session musician and Leadon joined the Eagles. Al Perkins and Roger Bush replaced them, and Kenny Wertz and Byron Berline joined as well, releasing Last of the Red Hot Burritos (1972), a live album. The band fell apart. Hillman and Perkins joined Manassas, while Berline, Bush and Wertz formed Country Gazette. Roberts reassembled a new group for a 1973 European tour, and then began a solo career before forming Firefall with Michael Clarke.

As Gram Parsons' influence and fame grew, so did interest in the Flying Burrito Brothers, leading to the release of Close Up The Honky Tonks (1974), a double-LP compilation of album tracks, b-sides, and outtakes; and the recreation of the band by Kleinow and Ethridge in 1975. Floyd "Gib" Gilbeau, Joel Scott Hill and Gene Parsons (no relation to Gram) also joined, and the band released Flying Again that year. Ethridge was then replaced by Skip Battin for Airborne (1976), followed by an album of unreleased early material, Sleepless Nights. For the next few decades, the group released albums and toured and had a country hit with "White Line Fever" (1980, a cover by Merle Haggard) and then became the Burrito Brothers.

Headed by songwriter and guitarist John Beland and Gib Guilbeau, and normally featuring Sneaky Pete, this incarnation scored well on the Country charts in the early 1980s, marking the first significant commercial chart success the band ever had. In 1981 they received the Billboard Magazine Award for "Best New Crossover Group" from pop to country. The Burrito Brothers continued to work with the top session players in Nashville and LA, logging up an impressive list of hit singles for Curb Records. In the 80's they toured Europe with Emmylou Harris, Jerry Lee Lewis and Tammy Wynette and appeared at London's Wembley Stadium. Also in the early 80's, the Burrito Brothers were responsible for spearheading a world wide campaign that finally saw their idol, the legendary Lefty Frizzell inducted into the Country Music Hall Of Fame.

Through numerous incarnations (nearly all with Beland at the helm), the band released albums and toured throughout the 1980s and '90s. The latter day Flying Burrito Brothers CDs, produced by Beland, did feature an impressive line-up of guests, including Merle Haggard, Buck Owens, Waylon Jennings, Alison Krauss, Ricky Skaggs, Charlie Louvin, and others. The band's final two CDs, California Jukebox and Sons Of The Golden West, received solid critical reviews. However, Beland finally called it quits for the band in 2000, and embarked upon a successful career as a record producer. Sneaky created a Burritos spin-off in his new band Burrito Deluxe, which featured Carlton Moody on lead vocals and Garth Hudson from The Band on keyboards. The band scored no chart success, relying solely on live appearances in Europe. Pete left the band due to illness in 2005, leaving no direct lineage to any of the actual Flying Burrito Brothers members, past or present.

Gram Parsons died on September 19, 1973. Michael Clarke died in 1993. "Sneaky Pete" Kleinow died on January 6, 2007. Chris Hillman is still a successful singer-songwriter, having been part of the Souther-Hillman-Furay Band and McGuinn-Clark-Hillman, then going on to form the Desert Rose Band (19861993) with Herb Pedersen. He still sings with Pedersen today as Chris and Herb, having released "The Other Side" (2005). A chain of Mexican restaurants in New Zealand is named after the band.

Gib Guilbeau retired following heart surgery and currently lives in Palmdale, California. He still appears occasionally at local functions in and around the Los Angeles area. John Beland continues to produce acts here in America and abroad, scoring hit records in both Australia and Norway, where he still performs solo as a solo act throughout the year. Beland has written hits for acts such as the Whites "Forever You", Mark Farner "Isn't It Amazing?" and the Bellamy Brothers "Cowboy Beat", "Hard Way To Make An Easy Living" and "Bound To Explode." His songs have been covered by many acts from Ricky Nelson to Garth Brooks. John currently lives in Brenham, Texas.

Discography

Studio albums

The Gilded Palace of Sin (1969)

Burrito Deluxe (1970)

The Flying Burrito Brothers (1971)

Flying Again (1975)

Airborne (1976)

Hearts on the Line (1981)

Sunset Sundown (1982)

Eye of a Hurricane (1994)

California Jukebox (1997)

Honky Tonkin' aka Sons of the Golden West (1999)

Live albums

Last of the Red Hot Burritos (1972)

Sin City (1976)

Flying Burrito Brothers '76 (1976)

From Another Time (1976)

Close Encounters to the West Coast (1978)

Live from Tokyo (1979)

Hollywood Nights 1979-82 (1983)

Cabin Fever (1985)

Live from Europe (1986)

Gram Parsons Archives Vol.1: Live at the Avalon Ballroom 1969 (2007)

Compilation albums

Close Up the Honky Tonks (1974)

Sleepless Nights (1976)

Farther Along: The Best of the Flying Burrito Brothers (A&M) (1988)

Best of the Flying Burrito Brothers (Relix Records) (1995)

Out of the Blue (1996)

The Gilded Palace of Sin & Burrito Deluxe (A&M) (1997)

Hot Burritos! The Flying Burrito Brothers Anthology 19691972 (2000)

Sin City: The Very Best of the Flying Burrito Brothers (2002)

Singles

Year

Single

US Country

Album

1980

"White Line Fever"

95

single only

1981

"She's a Friend of a Friend"

67

Hearts on the Line

"Does She Wish She Was Single Again"

20

"She Belongs to Everyone but Me"

16

1982

"If Something Should Come Between Us (Let It Be Love)"

27

Sunset Sundown

"Closer to You"

40

"I'm Drinkin' Canada Dry"

39

"Blue and Broken Hearted Me"

48

singles only

1984

"Almost Saturday Night"

49

"My Kind of Lady"

53

References

External links

Time for a Repress: The Gilded Palace of Sin by Bob Proehl, 30, March 2009

Categories: 1960s music groups | 1970s music groups | American rock music groups | American country music groups | American country rock groupsHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from October 2008 | All articles lacking sources | Articles needing cleanup from September 2009 | All pages needing cleanup | Wikipedia introduction cleanup from September 2009

Qatar Petroleum

China Product


Early history

After World War I and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Qatar fell within the British sphere of influence and the first onshore oil concession in Qatar was awarded in 1935 to British Petroleum's predecessor, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC). APOC created a subsidiary, Petroleum Development (Qatar) Ltd. (PDL), to operate the concession. PDL was later renamed the Qatar Petroleum Company (QPC). The first well, Dukhan 1, was drilled in 1939. World War II delayed development until 1947 and the first crude exports occurred in 1949. The first offshore concessions were granted in 1949 to two U.S. companies, the Superior Oil Company and the Central Mining & Investment Co. In 1952, the Shell Company-Qatar (SCQ) acquired exploration rights to most offshore territory. In 1960, the Idd Al-Shargi and Maydan Mahzam fields were discovered. The largest offshore field, Bul Hanine, was discovered in 1970 and came onstream in 1972. Qatar Petroleum was created in 1974 following the government's nationalization of the oil sector. In 1973, the state took a 25% stake in onshore concessions of QPC and offshore concessions of SCQ. Early in 1974, the state increased its share in both companies to 60%. In 1976, QP took full control of QPC's onshore concessions and SCQ's offshore activities the following year.

Natural gas turkish apple tea

See also: Qatargas ti kuan yin

The North Field was discovered in 1971. Although its significance was not immediately apparent, subsequent drilling revealed over 900 tcf of natural gas reserves, the largest non-associated natural gas field in the world. Gas associated with oil production and non-associated gas from the Cap and Khuff fields was critical to Qatar's industrialization. Initially, this involved steel, cement, fertilizers, petrochemicals, water desalination and power generation. Natural gas production grew significantly during the last decade. In 2005, Qatar produced 1,53610^9 cu ft (4.351010 m3) of natural gas, more than three times the 1995 output of 47710^9 cu ft (1.351010 m3). Qatar proven natural gas reserves stood at 910.5 tcf as of January 2007, the third-largest in the world behind Russia and Iran. During 2005, the country exported 98710^9 cu ft (2.791010 m3) of LNG. Condensate and NGL production in 2006 together averaged 285,000 bbl/d (45,300 m3/d). pure ceylon tea

Natural gas development

Qatar's great wealth is most visible in its capital, Doha.

With falling oil and associated gas production, and depletion of the Khuff reserves, developing the North field became imperitive. In 1984 and it was decided that development would occur in phases. Phase 1 involved installing production, processing, and transport facilities for 800 mcfd to serve local utilities and produce 5,000 tons per day of propane, butane, gasoline, and naphtha. In 1989 a gas sweetening plant and sulfur processing unit were added. Phase one was online by early 1991. Phase two was expected to involve selling North Field gas to its neighbors, possibly through a Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) gas grid. Phase three involved exporting to Europe and Asia. Even before the Persian Gulf War, this phase ran into trouble. To justify the investment, QP needed two large-scale long-term supply contracts. Despite efforts from QP managing director Jaber al-Marri, contracts were not forthcoming. This switched emphasis to domestic outlets. In 1988, a firm of international consultants presented a plan to QP for developing domestic projects to utilize Qatari gas. Suggestions included an aluminum smelter, a ferro-alloy production plant, methanol production facilities, and expansion of petrochemical and fertilizer operations. In 1997, Qatar began exporting LNG when it sent 5.7 bcf of LNG to Spain. In 2005, Qatar exported 98710^9 cu ft (2.791010 m3) of LNG. Of this, 31610^9 cu ft (8.9109 m3) went to Japan, 29310^9 cu ft (8.3109 m3) to South Korea, 21310^9 cu ft (6.0109 m3) to India, 16110^9 cu ft (4.6109 m3) to Spain, and 310^9 cu ft (85,000,000 m3) to the United States. In 2006, Qatar surpassed Indonesia as the world largest LNG exporter. In March 2007, QP solidified its leading role when RasGas completed its fifth LNG production train, giving the country 1.5 Tcf of annual liquefaction capacity, the most in the world.

Exploration and production

QP's target production for 2012 is about 8.7 Tcf, nearly six times greater than 2005. The expected increase will fuel growing requirements of domestic industry, LNG export, exports through the Dolphin pipeline, and several gas-to-liquids projects. In 2005, Qatari government officials became worried that the North Field reserves were being developed too quickly, which could reduce pressure in the field reservoirs and possibly damage its long-term production potential. In 2005, the government placed a moratorium on North field development projects pending assessment. However, this freeze did not affect projects already approved or underway. In November 2005, ExxonMobil started production at the Al Khaleej block (North Field) at 750 MMcf/d. In July 2006, they announced plans to expand to 1.6 Bcf/d by 2009, which will be used to fuel power plants and industrial customers in Ras Laffan Industrial City, RasGas, and as feedstock at the Oryx GTL Project.

Oil operations

Qatar is OPECs smallest oil producer, though it remains an important supplier to world oil markets. In 2006, Qatar produced 1.1 mmbpd of total oil liquids (815,000 bpd was crude oil). Qatar also produced an estimated 250,000 bbl/d (40,000 m3/d) of NGLs and 35,000 bbl/d (5,600 m3/d) of condensate, which are exempt from the country OPEC production quota. Qatar proven oil reserves were 15.2 Gbbl (2.42109 m3) as of January 2007.

In 1991, Qatar Petroleum initiated an upgrade program for oil production facilities. The program included bringing the Diyab structure (Dukhan) online and enhanced oil recovery (EOR), particularly at the Dukhan field. QP expects to boost capacity at Dukhan from 335,000 bbl/d (53,300 m3/d) in 2006 to 350,000 bbl/d (56,000 m3/d) in 2008. QP is carrying out similar work at several smaller fields, including the offshore Bul Hanine and Maydam Mahzam. Prospects for new discoveries are limited. QP carried out much exploration activity during the early 1980s but exploration declined as the oil glut of the mid-1980s gathered pace. Since then, QP has encouraged foreign operators to apply for exploration licenses. Although the number of wells drilled grew significantly towards the end of the 1980s, there was little success. Most new E&P is done offshore by international oil companies, including ExxonMobil, Chevron, and Total. While substantial E&P is underway, there have not been any major oil discoveries in Qatar during the last decade. Most anticipated new oil production will come from Maersk (Denmark), which operates the Al Shaheen field. Maersk reached an agreement with Qatar Petroleum in December 2005, under which the company intends to drill more than 160 production and water injection wells and establish three offshore platforms. The total oil production from Al Shaheen is planned to be gradually increased from 240,000 bbl/d (38,000 m3/d) at the beginning of 2006 to 525,000 bbl/d (83,500 m3/d) by the end of 2009. When completed, Qatar would have more than 1.1 mbpd in crude production capacity.

Pipelines, exports and refineries

QP operates Qatar oil pipeline network, which transports supplies from oil fields to the country lone refinery and export terminals. QP operates an expansive offshore pipeline network that brings crude oil from offshore oil fields to Halul Island, where oil can be processed for export. Onshore, most oil is sent to Umm Said for refining or export. Qatar has three primary export terminals: Umm Said, Halul Island, and Ras Laffan. Qatar typically exports around 600,000 bbl/d (95,000 m3/d) of crude and about 20,000 bbl/d (3,200 m3/d) of refined petroleum products. Most exports go to Asia, with Japan as the single largest receiver (about 380,000 bbl/d (60,000 m3/d) of crude in 2006). In the international market, the major customers are Emirates National Oil Company (ENOC), Glencore, Bakhri Trading, VITOL, Mitsui and ITOCHU.

Refining is carried out by the National Oil Distribution Company (NODCO), a subsidiary of QP established in 1968. Qatar's first refinery was built in Umm Said in 1953. A second refinery was completed in 1974. By the early 1980s, growth in local consumption was such that Qatar began importing refined products. In 1983, a 50,000 bbl/d (7,900 m3/d) refinery came online at Umm Said. Currently, Umm Said has a refining capacity of 137,000 bbl/d (21,800 m3/d). QP is also building another refinery, which will have the capacity to run 146,000 bbl/d (23,200 m3/d) of condensate. Marketing and commercial aspects for the export of the Refinery Products are entirely controlled by the Qatar Petroleum Marketing Directorate.

Dolphin Project

Main article: Dolphin Gas Project

Qatar Petroleum is part of the Dolphin Gas Project, which connects the natural gas networks of Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and Qatar with the first cross-border natural gas pipeline in the Persian Gulf region. The project is being developed by Dolphin Energy, a consortium owned by Mubadala Development on behalf of the Abu Dhabi government (51%), Total (24.5%), and Occidental Petroleum (24.5%). The Dolphin Project made significant progress in 2006. Construction was completed on all the project upstream and downstream components by year-end except the gas processing plant located at Ras Laffan. A company spokesperson announced in March 2007 that it tested receiving and distribution facilities in the U.A.E., and expected to begin operations in June 2007. The 260-mile (420 km) long Dolphin Energy Pipeline currently sends 400 MMcfd of natural gas supplies from the North field to markets in the U.A.E and Oman.

Gas-to-liquids

See also: Pearl GTL

GTL projects received significant attention in Qatar the last several years, and Qatar government originally set a target of developing 400,000 bbl/d (64,000 m3/d) of capacity by 2012. However, cancellations and delays substantially lowered this. In February 2007, ExxonMobil canceled its Palm GTL project, which was slated to produce 154,000 bbl/d (24,500 m3/d). The company will instead develop the Barzan Gas Project, scheduled to supply 1.5 Bcf/d by 2012. The Oryx GTL plant is a joint venture of QP and Sasol-Chevron GTL, and has a 34,000 bbl/d (5,400 m3/d) capacity. The plant was commissioned in June 2006, but technical problems prevented the consortium from loading the first export until April 2007. In February 2007, Royal Dutch Shell held a groundbreaking ceremony for its Pearl GTL Project. The Pearl plant will be 51%-owned by QP, though Shell will operate the project with a 49% stake. The facility is expected to use natural gas feedstock to produce 140,000 bbl/d (22,000 m3/d) of GTL products. The project will be developed in phases, with 70,000 bbl/d (11,000 m3/d) capacity expected by 2010 and a second phase expected in 2011. The Pearl project will be the first integrated GTL operation in the world, meaning it will have upstream production integrated with the onshore conversion plant.

Subsidiaries

Qatar Petrochemical Company

Qatar was the first Persian Gulf state to build its own petrochemical industry. The Qatar Petrochemical Company (QAPCO) was established in 1974 as a joint venture between QP (84%) and CdF (Chimie de France) and began production of ethylene, low density polyethylene, and sulfur in 1981. In August 1990, QP's interest in QAPCO was reduced to 80%, with the remaining 20% split equally between Enimont (Italy), and Elf Aquitaine (France) through its Atochem subsidiary. The importance of reliable gas supplies was demonstrated in the early years of QAPCO, which were marred by shortages of ethane feedstock arising from fluctuations of associated gas production along with movements of oil pricec. QAPCO's facilities consist of an ethylene plant producing 525,000 metric tons per annum (MTPA), two low density polyethylene (LDPE) plants with 360,000 MTPA and a sulphur plant with 70,000 MTPA. Shareholders are now Industries Qatar (80%) and Total Petrochemicals (20%).

Qatar Fertiliser Company

The Qatar Fertiliser Company (QAFCO) was founded in 1969 as a joint venture between the Qatari government, Norsk Hydro Norway, Davy Power and Hambros Bank, to produce ammonia and urea. The company is now owned by Industries Qatar (75%) and Yara International (25%). QAFCO inaugurated its first plant in 1973 with a design daily capacity of 900 tons of ammonia and 1000 tons of urea. The QAFCO complex in Mesaieed City comprises four completely integrated trains; each train is made up of two units, one for production of ammonia and the other for urea, besides a urea formaldehyde unit. QAFCO total annual production capacity now is 2.0 MMT of ammonia and 2.8 MMT of urea, making QAFCO the world largest single site producer of urea.

Other subsidiaries

Qatar Vinyl Company (QVCb) - 25.5%; other shareholders are QAPCO, Hydro, Arkema)

Qatar Liquefied Gas Company Ltd. (Qatargas; other shareholders are ExxonMobil, Total, Mitsui, Marubeni)

RasGas Companies (70%; 30% is owned by ExxonMobil)

Qatar Chemical Company (Q-Chem - 51%; 49% is owned by Chevron Phillips)

Qatar Fuel Additives Company Ltd (QAFAC; other shareholders are OPIC Middle East Corporation, International Octane Limited and LCY Investments Corp)

Qatalum - 50-50 joint venture between Qatar Petroleum and Norsk Hydro

Controversies

Qatar Petroleum was drawn into controversy when it was ascertained that in late 2006 there was a serious gas leak in the township of Dukhan. A gas pipe failed, releasing thousands of litres of deadly gas into the air. Furthermore, rather than evacuating Dukhan, the authorities chose to gather a large proportion of the residents in the local Dukhan sports club. Therefore, should the wind have changed, there could potentially have been three thousand casualties, mainly foreign expatriates. Not only this, the management of Qatar Petroleum refused to consider a review, claiming that it was simply an anomaly, and that a review was unnecessary. This is despite there being no evacuation plan for Dukhan, with the residents of Dukhan being notified by their friends working at the time.[citation needed]

Notes

^ "Oil and Gas Reserves by Country or Company", Data360.

^ EIA Qatar (2007)

^ Maersk Annual Report 2005

^ a b Qatar Petroleum Annual Report 2005

^ Occidental Petroleum Annual Report 2005

^ N. Fabricius (2004)

^ Jan Arve Haugan New CEO in Qatalum

References

Energy Information Administration Qatar: Country Analysis 2007

Energy Information Administration Iran: Country Analysis 2006

USGS Northern Qatar Arch Extension - Zagros Fold Belt Province

International Energy Agency World Energy Outlook 2005

Qatar Petroleum Annual Report 2005

Niels Fabricius (2004) The Qatar Shell Gas to Liquids Project

QAFCO Website

Categories: Oil and gas companies of Qatar | National oil and gas companiesHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from July 2009 | All articles needing additional references | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009

Nintendo Mini Classics

China Product


Design

Each Mini Classics unit is designed to look like a small Game Boy. Units typically have all the buttons of a Game Boy, with A, B, Start, and Select buttons, a keychain attached to the top left hand corner, and a stand on the back. Mini Classics are sold in an assortment of colors, varying from game to game. (Mario's Cement Factory, for example, is blue and Donkey Kong is gold.) Similar to the Game and Watch, the Nintendo Mini Classics units have alarm clock features. Some games, like Oil Panic, have two displays.

The back of a Mario's Cement Factory Mini Classics system. caterpillar diesel generator

The stand on the back of a Nintendo Mini Classics system. 1800 rpm generator

Batteries yanmar diesel generator

The unit is powered by two AG13/Button Cell/LR44 batteries, which are packaged with the Nintendo Mini Classic. The Mini Classics version of Super Mario Bros. reportedly drains batteries fairly quickly.

Games

Game & Watch reissues

Parachute

Octopus

Fire

Snoopy Tennis

Oil Panic (Dual Screen) (Europe exclusive)

Donkey Kong (Dual-Screen)

Donkey Kong Jr.

Mario's Cement Factory

Super Mario Bros

Zelda Game & Watch (Dual-Screen) (1998)

Original Titles

Carrera

Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (Europe exclusive)

Poker (Europe exclusive)

Smurfs (Europe exclusive)

Soccer

Spider-Man

Star Trek: The Next Generation (Single Screen) (Europe exclusive)

Star Trek: The Next Generation (Dual-Screen) (Europe exclusive)

Star Trek: TOS Beam me up! (Europe exclusive)

Sudoku (Europe exclusive)

Tetris (Europe Exclusive)

UEFA Euro 2008 (Europe exclusive)

Yu-Gi-Oh!

Different Colors

Some of the Mini Classics models, particularly the often-reissued Mario and Donkey Kong titles, have undergone several different color changes since the original 1998 releases. A couple of titles have also been given new color-tinted LCD displays since then.

Octopus

Toymax: Light Blue Case (1999)

Take 2:

Donkey Kong Jr.

Toymax: Dark Green Case (1998)

MGA: Yellow-Green Case (2000) (later reissued with color LCD circa 2005)

It's Outrageous: Yellow Case with Color LCD (2007)

Mario's Cement Factory

Toymax: Yellow Case (1999)

MGA: Grey Case (2000)

Take 2: Transparent Yellow Case (2002[citation needed])

It's Outrageous: Dark Blue Case (2007)

Super Mario Bros.

Toymax: White Case (1998)

MGA: Blue Case (2000)

It's Outrageous: Green Case with Color LCD (2007)

The Smurfs

Take 2: Transparent Blue-Green Case (2001[citation needed])

Take 2 (?): Yellow Case (2006[citation needed])

Distributors

Zappies Ltd, exclusive distributor in the UK.

Stadlbauer, maker of the Nintendo Mini Classics, and principal distributor of the titles in Europe.

Take 2 Interactive, current[citation needed] distributor of the Mini Classics in parts of Europe. The only known distributor of Oil Panic and the games based on Star Trek: The Next Generation.

Toymax, first American distributor of the Mini Classics. The first wave released in 1998 consisted of Super Mario Bros., Donkey Kong Jr., Fire, and Parachute. Octopus and Mario's Cement Factory were issued shortly thereafter in 1999. The packaging and an insert included for the last two games indicate that Snoopy Tennis apparently was also released in that time, but a Toymax-branded version of the game has yet to be discovered.

MGA Entertainment, after the Toymax releases, MGA reissued Super Mario Bros., Donkey Kong Jr., and Mario's Cement Factory in the USA beginning in 2000.

It's Outrageous, current distributor of the Mini Classics in the United States. The company re-reissued Super Mario Bros., Donkey Kong Jr., and Mario's Cement Factory, and introduced several of the newer Mini Classics to America, including Donkey Kong, Zelda, Soccer, Spiderman, and Carrea.

Candide, current distributor of the Mini Classics in Brazil. 5 titles were released, all of them are the It's Outrageous versions. The games are Super Mario Bros, Donkey Kong Jr., Soccer, SMB Cement Factory, and Carrera.

See also

[[Image:|32x28px|link=|alt=]]

Nintendo portal

Game & Watch

Game & Watch Gallery

References

^ "The Return of Retro". Zelda Universe. 2007-01-30. http://www.zeldauniverse.net/zelda-news/the-return-of-retro/. Retrieved 2009-01-18. 

^ http://shop.zappies.com

External links

Stadlbauer EN, English-translated site for the original distributor

Stadlbauer DE, original Austrian website for Stadlbauer

It's Outrageous, official website of the current USA distributor

Game & Watch, fan site for Game & Watch collectors

v  d  e

Nintendo video game hardware

Consoles

Color TV Game  NES (Disk System  NES-101 model  Nintendo M82)  Super NES (Super Game Boy  Satellaview  SNES-101)  Virtual Boy  Nintendo 64 (64DD)  GameCube (Game Boy Player  Panasonic Q)  iQue Player  Wii (Virtual Console  WiiWare)

Handhelds

Game & Watch  Game Boy (Pocket  Light)  Game Boy Color  Pokmon Pikachu  Pokmon mini  Game Boy Advance (SP  Micro)  Nintendo DS (Lite  DSi  DSi XL)

Arcade

Early arcade games  Vs. System  PlayChoice-10  Nintendo Super System  Triforce

Peripherals

Data Recorder  DK Bongos  e-Reader  Famicom Four-way Adaptor  Game Boy Camera  Game Boy Printer  NES Advantage   NES Four Score  NES Max  NES Satellite  NES Zapper  Nintendo 64 controller (accessories)  Nintendo GameCube controller  Nintendo Power  Power Glove  Power Pad  R.O.B.  Rumble Pak  SNES Mouse  SNES Multitap  Super Scope  U-Force  WaveBird  Wii Balance Board  Classic Controller  Wii Remote (Wii MotionPlus  Third-party accessories)  Wii Speak   Wii Zapper

Technology

Game Paks  Nintendo optical disc

v  d  e

Game & Watch games

Games & series

Balloon Fight  Zelda  Mario series

Remakes

Game & Watch Gallery series  Nintendo Mini Classics

List of Game & Watch games

Categories: Game & Watch | Handheld electronic games | Monochrome video game consoles | Nintendo hardware | Video game franchisesHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009

RMS Queen Mary 2

China Product


Characteristics

Queen Mary 2 is the current flagship of the Cunard Line. The ship was constructed to complement RMS Queen Elizabeth 2, the Cunard flagship from 1969 to 2004 and the last major ocean liner built before the construction of Queen Mary 2. Queen Mary 2 had the Royal Mail Ship (RMS) title conferred on her, as a gesture to Cunard's history, by Royal Mail when she entered service in 2004 on the Southampton to New York route.

Queen Mary 2 is not a steamship like many of her predecessors, but is powered primarily by four diesel engines with two additional gas turbines which are used when extra power is required; this CODAG configuration is used to produce the power to drive her four electric propulsion pods as well as powering the ship's hotel services. Like her predecessor Queen Elizabeth 2 she is built for crossing the Atlantic Ocean, though she is regularly used for cruising purposes; in the winter season she cruises from New York to the Caribbean on ten or thirteen day tours. Queen Mary 2's 30-knot (56 km/h; 35 mph) open ocean speed sets the ship apart from cruise ships, such as Oasis of the Seas, which has an average speed of 22.6 knots (41.9 km/h; 26.0 mph); QM2's normal service speed is 26 knots (48 km/h; 30 mph). iron umbrella base

Design and Construction wooden market umbrella

Queen Mary 2 under construction, her radar mast in the right foreground patio umbrella parts

Cunard completed a design for a new class of 84,000 GT, 2,000 passenger liners on 8 June 1998, but revised them upon comparing those specifications with Carnival Cruise Lines' 100,000 GT Destiny class cruise ships and Royal Caribbean's 137,200 GT Voyager class.

In December 1998, Cunard released details of Project Queen Mary, the project to develop a liner that would complement Queen Elizabeth 2. Harland and Wolff of Northern Ireland, Aker Kvrner of Norway, Fincantieri of Italy, Meyer Werft of Germany, and Chantiers de l'Atlantique of France were invited to bid on the project. The contract was finally signed with Chantiers de l'Atlantique, a subsidiary of Alstom, on 6 November 2000. This was the same yard that built Cunard's former rivals, the SS Normandie and SS France of the Compagnie Gnrale Transatlantique.

Her keel was laid down in the Louis Joubert Lock on 4 July 2002, in Saint-Nazaire, France, with the hull number G32. Approximately 3,000 craftsmen spent around eight million working hours on the ship, and around 20,000 people were directly or indirectly involved in her design, construction, and fitting out. In total, 300,000 pieces of steel were assembled into 94 "blocks" off of the drydock, which were then stacked and welded together to complete the hull and superstructure.

Queen Mary 2 was floated on 21 March 2003. Her sea trials were conducted between 25 September-29 September and 7 November-11 November 2003, between Saint-Nazaire and the off-shore islands of Ile d'Yeu and Belle-Ile. The final stages of construction were marred by a fatal accident on 15 November 2003, when a gangway collapsed under a group of shipyard workers and their relatives who had been invited to visit the vessel. In total, 32 people were injured and 16 were killed, after falling 15-metre (49 ft) into the dry-dock. Construction was completed on schedule. The ship's final cost was approximately $300,000 US per berth, nearly double that of many large passenger ships. This was due to the size of the ship, the high quality of materials, and that, having been designed as an ocean liner, she required 40% more steel than a standard cruise ship. Cunard took delivery in Southampton, England on 26 December 2003. On 8 January 2004, the liner was named by her namesake's granddaughter, Queen Elizabeth II.

Exterior

Diagram showing Queen Mary 2's size compared to the RMS Titanic, a human, a car, a bus and an Airbus A380 airliner.

Queen Mary 2's principal naval architect was Carnival's house designer, Stephen Payne. Payne intended many aspects of the ship's design to resemble notable aspects of former ocean liners, such as Queen Elizabeth 2 and the ship's predecessor Queen Mary. These features include the three thick black lines that wrap around either edge of the ship's bridge screen, and at the stern end of the superstructure, which are to recall the appearance of the crossovers of the forward decks on the first Queen Mary.

Queen Mary 2 has 14,164-square-metre (3.500-acre) of exterior deck space, with wind screens to shield passengers as the ship travels at high speeds. Four of the ship's five swimming pools are outdoors (although one of these is only one inch deep for use by small children). One of the pools on Deck 12 is covered with a retractable magrodome. The indoor pool is on Deck 7, in the Canyon Ranch Spa Club.

In common with liners such as SS Rotterdam there is a continuous wrap around promenade deck on Deck 7. The promenade passes behind the bridge screen and allows passengers to completely circumnavigate the deck while protected from the strong winds generated by the ship at full speed. One circuit of the promenade is a distance of 620 m (2,030 ft). The flanking promenades are created by the need to step the superstructure in, to allow for space for lifeboats. By SOLAS standards the lifeboats should have been lower on the ship's hull (15 m (49 ft) above the waterline), but for the sake of Queen Mary 2's appearance as well as to avoid the danger of large North Atlantic waves damaging the boats in a storm, Payne convinced SOLAS officials to exempt the Queen Mary 2 from this requirement, and the boats are 25 m (82 ft) above the waterline.

Payne's initial intent was to make the ship's stern profile with a spoon shape, similar to that on most previous ocean liners, but the mounting of the propeller pods required a flat transom. The compromise was a Constanzi stern a combination of the two. The final design was agreed upon, as a Constanzi stern provides the transom required for azimuthal pod propulsors, and provides better seaholding characteristics in a following swell than a standard transom stern. In common with many modern ships, both passenger and cargo, Queen Mary 2 has a bulbous bow to reduce drag and thereby increase speed, range, and fuel efficiency.

While of a similar design to that of Queen Elizabeth 2, Queen Mary 2's funnel was designed with a slightly different shape. The difference was required because, due to the height of the vessel, a taller funnel would have made it impossible for the ship to pass under the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in New York City at high tide. The final design now permits a minimum of 13 feet (4.0 m) of clearance under the bridge at high tide.

As Queen Mary 2 is too large to dock in many ports, passengers are ferried to and from the ship in built tenders, which can be used as lifeboats in an emergency. While at sea, these are stored in davits alongside the lifeboats. To transport passengers to shore, the tenders pull up to one of four loading stations, which each have a large hull door that hydraulically opens outwards to form a boarding platform, complete with railings and decking.

Queen Mary 2 is a post-panamax ship. The decision not to constrain her size in order to transit the Panama Canal was taken as the Queen Elizabeth 2 only transited once a year, during the world cruise. Cunard decided to pass up the convenience of the occasional passage in favour of a larger passenger capacity. As a result, however, the Queen Mary 2 must circumnavigate South America in order to cross between the Atlantic and Pacific.

Interior

As is the case with many modern passenger ships, many of the major public rooms onboard Queen Mary 2 are on the lowest public decks of the ship, with the passenger cabins stacked above. This is the opposite of the traditional practice on ocean liners, but the design allowed for larger rooms to be contained within the stronger hull, as well as for more passenger cabins to have private balconies higher up on the ship, where they are less affected by large waves. Payne attempted to create a central axis to the two main public room decks (similar in fashion to the Normandie), but a full vista is broken by various public rooms that span the full beam of the ship. The dining rooms were placed further aft, though not directly at the stern, where the fore and aft pitching of the ship is most noticeable, and where vibration from the propellers at full speed might cause discomfort to dining passengers.

Deck 2, the lowest passenger deck, contains the Illuminations theatre, cinema and planetarium (the first at sea); Royal Court Theatre; Grand Lobby; "Empire Casino"; "Golden Lion Pub"; and the lower level of the "Britannia Restaurant". Deck 3 holds the upper levels of "Illuminations", the "Royal Court theatre" and the "Britannia Restaurant", as well as a small shopping arcade, "Veuve Cliquot champagne bar", the "Chart Room", "Sir Samuel's" wine bar, the "Queen's Room", and the "G32" Nightclub. The other main public deck is Deck 7, on which are the "Canyon Ranch Spa", "Winter Garden", "King's Court", the "Queen's Grill Lounge", and the "Queen's Grill" and "Princess Grill" restaurants for higher-fare passengers. The public rooms on Deck 8 include the la carte Todd English Restaurant, a library, a book shop and the upper part of the Canyon Ranch Spa. Also on Deck 8 is a large outdoor pool and terrace at the stern. The kennels, located aft on starboard side of Deck 12, are available only for transatlantic crossings. They can accommodate up to twelve dogs and cats in six small and six large cages.

The King's Court area on the ship is open twenty four hours a day, serving as a buffet restaurant for breakfast and lunch. The overall space is divided into quarters, with each section decorated according to the theme of the four separate alternate dining venues that are "created" each evening through lighting, tableware, and menus: Lotus, which specialises in Asian cuisine; the Carvery, a British style grille; La Piazza, with Italian food; and the Chef's Galley, which offers an interactive experience to food preparation.

The passengers' dining arrangements onboard are dictated by which 'class' of accommodation they choose to travel in. Most passengers (around 85%) are in Britannia class (and therefore dine in the main restaurant). However, passengers can choose to upgrade to either a 'junior suite' (and dine in the "Princess Grill"'), or a suite (and dine in the "Queens' Grill"). Those in the two latter categories are grouped together by Cunard as "Grill Passengers", and they are permitted to use the "Queens' Grill Lounge" and a private outdoor area on deck 11 with its own whirlpool. This feature is also present on both the Queen Victoria and the Queen Elizabeth. However, all other public areas can be used by all passengers.

As the Britannia Restaurant takes up the full width of the ship on two decks, a 'tween deck, called Deck 3L, was devised to allow passengers to walk from the Grand Lobby to the Queen's Room without traversing the dining room mid meal. The deck consists of two corridors that run beneath the upper balcony of the restaurant on Deck 3, and above the main dining area on Deck 2. This is why the balcony of the Britannia has tiers that step up towards the hull. This arrangement is illustrated on the hull where there is a stack of three rows of windows in the area where the main restaurant sits, the two upper and lower most rows illuminate the dining room, while the centre row serves Deck 3L. There is a similar arrangement through the Royal Court Theatre. As well, the passages that run on either side of Illuminations on Deck 3 ramp upwards to compensate for the change in deck elevation between the entrance to Illuminations and an elevator bank forward of the room.

More than 5000 commissioned works of art are visible in the Queen Mary 2's public rooms, corridors, staterooms and lobbies, having been created by 128 artists from sixteen different countries. Two of the most notable pieces are Barbara Broekman's tapestry, an abstract depiction of an ocean liner, bridge, and New York skyline which spans the full height of the Britannia Restaurant, and John McKenna's sheet bronze relief mural in the Grand Lobby, inspired by the Art Deco mural in the main dining room of the original Queen Mary.

Technical

Power plant and propulsion system

Queen Mary 2's power plant comprises both four sixteen cylinder Wrtsil 16V46CR EnviroEngine marine diesel engines generating a combined 67,200 kW (90,100 hp) at 514 rpm, as well as two General Electric LM2500+ gas turbines which together provide a further 50,000 kW (67,000 hp). Such a combined arrangement, known as CODAG (Combined Diesel And Gas turbine), provides for economical cruising at low speed combined with an ability to sustain much higher speeds when required, and has been common in naval vessels for some time. While Queen Mary 2 is the first passenger ship to feature CODAG propulsion, the first major passenger vessel to be powered by gas turbines was the Finnish ferry Finnjet in 1977.

Thrust is provided by four Rolls-Royce Mermaid podded propulsion units, each featuring one forward facing low vibration Kamewa propeller with separately bolted blades. Queen Mary 2 carries eight spare blades on the foredeck, immediately forward of the bridge screen. The forward pair are fixed, but the aft pair can rotate through 360, removing the need for a rudder. The Queen Mary 2 is the first quadruple propeller passenger ship completed since the SS France in 1961.

Three of the eight spare propeller blades mounted on the foredeck.

As in most modern passenger ships, Queen Mary 2's propulsion machinery is electrically decoupled from her propellers and her propulsion arrangement can therefore be more accurately described as "CODAG electric" (by analogy with turbo-electric and diesel-electric). The diesel engines and gas turbines drive electrical generators, which provide the power to drive four 21,500 kW (28,800 hp) Alstom electrical motors located inside the podded propulsors (and thus entirely outside the vessel's hull). Unusually, Queen Mary 2's gas turbines are not housed along with her diesels in the engine room deep in her hull, but instead reside in a soundproofed enclosure directly underneath the funnel. This arrangement allowed the vessel's designers to supply the oxygen hungry turbines with air intakes without having to run air ducts the entire height of the ship, which would have wasted valuable interior space.

Water supply

Freshwater aboard Queen Mary 2 is supplied primarily by three seawater desalination plants. The plants, each with a capacity of 630,000 litres per day, use multiple effect plate (MEP) distillation technology. The plants energy is supplied primarily by steam and cooling water from the ship gas turbines and diesel engines, or if needed by steam from the ship two oil fired boilers. The traditional multiple-effect distillation technology has been improved for the ship plant, so that scaling of plates is reduced, vastly reducing maintenance required. The desalinated water has a very low salt content of less than five parts per million. Average total water production is 1,100,000 per day with a capacity of 1,890,000 so that there is ample spare capacity. The ship could easily be supplied by only two of the three plants. Potable water tanks have a capacity of 3,830,000 litres, enough for more than three days of supply. If the ship runs at slow speed, the engines do not produce enough steam to run the desalination plants. In that case, or if water is cheaper to buy on shore in a particular port than to desalinate, water is taken aboard in a port. The seawater intakes are located in the hull of the ship. Concentrated salt solution (brine) is discharged to the sea closer to the ship stern together with cooling water from the engines.

Service history

Queen Mary 2 in San Francisco Bay in 2007.

On 12 January 2004 Queen Mary 2 set sail on her maiden voyage from Southampton, England, to Fort Lauderdale, Florida, in the United States, carrying 2,620 passengers under the command of captain Ronald Warwick, who had previously commanded Queen Elizabeth 2. Warwick is the son of William (Bill) Warwick who had also been a senior Cunard officer and the first captain of Queen Elizabeth 2. The ship arrived in Southampton late from her maiden voyage after bow doors which covered the thrusters failed to shut in Portugal.

During the XXVIII Olympics Queen Mary 2 sailed to Athens and docked at Piraeus for two weeks for use as a floating hotel, serving the then Prime Minister of the UK Tony Blair and his wife Cherie, the French President Jacques Chirac, former US president George H. W. Bush, and the US Olympic men's basketball team. Since her launch, Queen Mary 2's passengers have also included Queen Elizabeth II, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, jazz musician Dave Brubeck, comedian and actor John Cleese, actor Richard Dreyfuss, author and editor Harold Evans, director George Lucas, singer Carly Simon, singer Rod Stewart, CBS Evening News anchor Katie Couric, and financier Donald Trump.

One 2005 transatlantic crossing saw Queen Mary 2 carrying, in a locked steamer trunk, the first US copy of J. K. Rowling's book Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, autographed by the author. In a promotional press release for the event, Cunard said (though without cited verification) that this marked the first time a book had been transported to its international launch aboard an ocean liner.

In January 2006 Queen Mary 2 embarked on a circumnavigation of South America as the ship is too large to pass through the Panama Canal. Upon departure from Fort Lauderdale one of her propeller pods was damaged when it struck a channel wall, forcing the ship to sail at a reduced speed, which resulted in Commodore Warwick's decision to skip several calls on its voyage to Rio de Janeiro. Many of her passengers threatened to stage a sit in protest because of the missed calls, before Cunard offered to refund the voyage costs. The Queen Mary 2 continued to operate at a reduced service speed, and several itinerary changes were necessary until repairs had been completed after the ship returned to Europe in June, where Queen Mary 2 paid a visit to dry dock, and the damaged propeller pod was unseated. In November Queen Mary 2 was dry-docked once more at the Blohm + Voss yard in Hamburg (drydock Elbe 17) for the reinstallation of the repaired propeller pod. At the same time, sprinkler systems were installed in all of the vessel's balconies to comply with new safety regulations which had come into effect since the MS Star Princess fire. Additionally, both bridge wings were extended by two metres to improve visibility.

The Queen Mary 2 at Pier Head, Liverpool, England during a 2009 visit

After completing the journey around South America, on 23 February 2006, Queen Mary 2 met her namesake, the original RMS Queen Mary, which is permanently docked at Long Beach, California. Escorted by a flotilla of smaller ships, the two Queens exchanged a "whistle salute" which was heard throughout the city of Long Beach. Queen Mary 2 met the other serving Cunard liners Queen Victoria and Queen Elizabeth 2 on 13 January 2008 near the Statue of Liberty in New York City harbour, with a celebratory fireworks display; Queen Elizabeth 2 and Queen Victoria made a tandem crossing of the Atlantic for the meeting. This marked the first time three Cunard Queens have been present in the same location. Cunard purported this to be the last time these three ships would ever meet, due to Queen Elizabeth 2's impending retirement from service in late 2008. However this would prove not to be the case as the three "Queens" met in Southampton on 22 April 2008. Queen Mary 2 rendezvoused with Queen Elizabeth 2 in Dubai on Saturday 21 March 2009, after the ship's retirement, while both ships were berthed at Mina Rashid. With the retirement of Queen Elizabeth 2, Queen Mary 2 is the only operational ocean liner left in active passenger service.

On 10 January 2007 Queen Mary 2 started her first world cruise, circumnavigating the globe in 81 days. On 20 February, she met her fleet-mate, Queen Elizabeth 2, also on her 2007 world cruise, in Sydney harbour. This is the first time two Cunard Queens had been together in Sydney since the original Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth served as troop ships in 1941. Despite the early arrival time of 5:42 am, the Queen Mary 2's presence attracted so many viewers that the Sydney Harbour Bridge and Anzac Bridge were blocked. With 1,600 passengers leaving the ships in Sydney, Cunard estimated the stopovers injected more than $3 million into the local economy.

The Queen Mary 2 in Sydney, 20 February 2007.

In July 2007 the National Geographic Channel broadcast the documentary Megastructures about Queen Mary 2. In October 2009, Queen Mary 2 celebrated her 5th year in service with an 8-night voyage around the British Isles. The voyage included maiden visits to Greenock and Liverpool.

The Boston Cup

Carried aboard QM2 is the Boston Cup. Sometimes referred to as The Britannia Cup, this artefact was created for Sir Samuel Cunard in Boston to commemorate the arrival of his first vessel RMS Britannia. Cunard had selected Boston as the American port for his Atlantic service which resulted in a strong connection between Boston and the Cunard Line.. It is believed that the cup was presented to Sir Samuel Cunard sometime in 1840 however for much of its life it was missing. It was discovered in an antique shop in 1967 and returned to Cunard where it was placed aboard Queen Elizabeth 2. In 2004, when QM2 became flagship, the Boston Cup was placed aboard QM2 as a symbol of her being Cunard's flagship. It is in a glass case aft of the Chart Room lounge.

Environmental performance

See also: Cruise ship pollution

When designing Queen Mary 2, the designers aimed to reduce the ship's impact on the environment by improving fuel efficiency, and through better management of waste, to not only reduce fuel costs, but also to increase the service life of the ship, as it was predicted that tighter environmental regulations would be implemented while the ship was in service. Initial targets included the reuse of treated wastewater for non-potable uses and zero discharge of solid waste into the sea. For economic and other reasons, as well as in order to reduce energy consumption from incineration, some of these measures were not implemented. However, Queen Mary 2's environmental performance exceeds that of many older ships, as well as international standards on waste, as detailed further below.

According to Cunard, the ship exceeds the requirements of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships (MARPOL) of the International Maritime Organization. For example, it discharges waste into the sea only in areas more than 12 nmi (14 mi) from any coast, although MARPOL allows discharge of treated organic waste and treated bilge water closer to the shore. Discharges of potentially harmful substances, in particular the residual oil content of treated bilge water and air emissions, are monitored regularly in order to ensure compliance with environmental standards. In areas where air pollution from sulfur dioxide which causes acid rain is a concern, the ship switches to low-sulphur fuel in order to minimize air pollution.

According to the carbon offset company Climate Care, per passenger mile, passenger ships release more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than long haul flights. However, Cunard attempted to reduce the carbon footprint of Queen Mary 2 by improving engine efficiency and reducing friction while the ship is in motion. In November 2008, the ship was given a refit in Hamburg, part of which involved the repainting of the hull in paint which is designed to reduce drag, and thus improve fuel economy.

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: RMS Queen Mary 2

Cunard: Queen Mary 2, Official website

Cunard Line's U.S Website

Cunard Line's U.K Website

Queen Mary 2 on Chris' Cunard Page

Queen Mary 2 Bridge Cam

360 Panoramas of Queen Mary 2 at sea and entering New York

Records

Preceded by

Navigator of the Seas

World's largest passenger ship

2004 2006

Succeeded by

MS Independence of the Seas, MS Liberty of the Seas, and MS Freedom of the Seas

v  d  e

Cunard ships

Current Fleet

RMS Queen Mary 2 (2004)   MS Queen Victoria (2007)

Planned

MS Queen Elizabeth (2010)

Former Ships

1840-1899

RMS Britannia (1840)   RMS Persia (1856)   SS Abyssinia (1870)   SS Servia (1881)   RMS Etruria (1884)   RMS Umbria (1884)   RMS Campania (1892)   RMS Lucania (1893)   SS Ivernia (1899)

1900-1950

RMS Carpathia (1903)   RMS Carmania (1905)   RMS Caronia (1905)   RMS Lusitania (1907)   RMS Mauretania (1907)   RMS Franconia (1910)   RMS Albania (1911)   RMS Laconia (1912)   RMS Alaunia (1913) (1913)   RMS Aquitania (1913)   SS Orduna (1914)   SS Empire Barracuda (1918)   RMS Antonia (1921)   RMS Ausonia (1921)   RMS Scythia (1921)   RMS Andania (1922)   RMS Berengaria (1922)   RMS Laconia (1922)   RMS Lancastria (1922)   RMS Majestic (1922)   RMS Aurania (1924)   SS Letitia (1924)   RMS Carinthia (1925)   SS Laurentic (1927)   RMS Britannic (1929)   RMS Georgic (1934)   RMS Olympic (1934)   RMS Queen Mary (1936)   RMS Mauretania (1939)   SS Pasteur (1939)  MV Empire Audacity (1939)   RMS Queen Elizabeth (1940)   SS Empire Battleaxe (1943)   SS Empire Broadsword (1943)   Valacia (1943)   RMS Media (1947)   RMS Caronia (1949)

1950-1994

RMS Saxonia (1954)   RMS Ivernia (1955)   RMS Carinthia (1956)   RMS Sylvania (1957)   RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 (1967)   MS Cunard Adventurer (1971)   MS Cunard Ambassador (1972)   MS Cunard Countess (1975)   MS Cunard Princess (1976)   MS Sagafjord (1983)   MS Caronia (1983)   MS Royal Viking Sun (1994)

Categories: Ocean liners | Ships of the Cunard Line | Ships built in France | 2003 shipsHidden categories: All articles with dead external links | Articles with dead external links from December 2009 | Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 | All articles containing potentially dated statements