William Morris

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Biography

Early life and education

William Morris was born in Walthamstow on 24th March 1834, the fourth child and the youngest son of William Morris, a partner in the firm of Sanderson & Co., bill brokers in the City of London. His mother was Emma Morris ne Shelton, daughter of Joseph Shelton, a teacher of music in Worcester. As a child Morris was delicate but studious. He learned to read early, and by the time he was four years old he was familiar with most of the Waverley novels. When he was six the family moved to Woodford Hall, where new opportunities for an out-of-door life brought the boy health and vigour. He rode about Epping Forest, sometimes in a toy suit of armour, where he became a close observer of animal nature and was able to recognize any bird upon the wing. plastic coin banks

Morris's painting La belle Iseult, also inaccurately called Queen Guenevere, is his only surviving easel painting, now in the Tate Gallery. craft piggy bank

At the same time he continued to read whatever came in his way and was particularly attracted by the stories in the Arabian Nights and by the designs in Gerard's Herbal. He studied with his sisters' governess until he was nine, when he was sent to a school at Walthamstow. In 1842, his sister Isabella was born. She grew to be the churchwoman who oversaw the revival of the Deaconess Order in the Anglican Communion. In his thirteenth year their father died, leaving the family well-to-do. The home at Woodford was broken up, as being unnecessarily large, and in 1848 the family relocated to Water House and William Morris entered Marlborough School, where his father had bought him a nomination. Morris was at the school for three years, but gained little from attending it beyond a taste for architecture, fostered by the school library, and an attraction towards the Anglo-Catholic movement. He made but slow progress in school work and at Christmas 1851 was removed and sent to live as a private pupil with the Rev. F. B. Guy, Assistant Master at Forest School and later Canon of St. Alban's, for a year to prepare him for University. Forest School still houses many correspondence from Morris in their archives, and the School boasts a Morris stained glass window in the Chapel. marquee codes

Oxford, apprenticeship, and artistic influences

In June 1852 Morris entered Exeter College, Oxford, though since the college was full, he was unable to go into residence until January 1853. At Exeter, Morris met Edward Burne-Jones, also a first year undergraduate, who became his life-long friend and collaborator. Morris also joined a Birmingham group at Pembroke College, known among themselves as the "Brotherhood" and to historians as the "Pembroke set". Together, they read theology, ecclesiastical history, and medieval poetry; studied art, and during the long vacations visited English churches and the Continental cathedrals. They became strongly influenced by the paintings of the Pre-Raphaelites, John Ruskin's essay "The Nature of Gothic" from the second volume of The Stones of Venice, Thomas Malory's Morte d'Arthur and the poetry of Alfred, Lord Tennyson. Morris began to adopt Ruskin's philosophy of rejecting the tawdry industrial manufacture of decorative arts and architecture in favour of a return to hand-craftsmanship, raising artisans to the status of artists, creating art that should be affordable and hand-made, with no hierarchy of artistic mediums.

Moreover, Morris began at this time to write poetry and many of his first pieces, afterwards destroyed, were held by sound judges to be equal to anything else he ever worked on. Both Morris and Burne-Jones had come to Oxford with the intention of taking holy orders, but as they felt their way, both decided their energies were best spent on social reform. Morris decided to become an architect and for the better propagation of the views of the new brotherhood a magazine was at the same time projected, which was to make a specialty of social articles, besides poems and short stories. At the beginning of 1856 the two schemes came to a head together. Morris, having passed his finals in the previous term, was entered as a pupil at the office of George Edmund Street, one of the leading English Gothic revival architects who had his headquarters in Oxford as architect to the diocese; and on New Year's Day the first issue of the Oxford and Cambridge Magazine appeared. The expenses of publishing were borne entirely by Morris, but he resigned the formal editorship after the first issue. Many distinguished compositions appeared in its pages, but it gradually languished and was given up after a year's experiment. The chief immediate result was the friendship between Morris and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, a contributor.

In Street office Morris formed an intimate and lifelong friendship with the senior clerk, Philip Webb, which had an important influence over the development taken by English domestic architecture during the next generation. He worked in Street office for nine months, first at Oxford and afterwards in London when Street removed there in the autumn. Morris worked hard both in and out of office hours at architecture and painting, and he studied architectural drawing under Webb. Rossetti persuaded him that he was better suited for a painter, and after a while he devoted himself exclusively to that branch of art. That summer the two friends visited Oxford and finding the new Oxford Union debating-hall under construction, pursued a commission to paint the upper walls with scenes from Le Morte d'Arthur and to decorate the roof between the open timbers. Seven artists were recruited, among them Valentine Prinsep and Arthur Hughes, and the work was hastily begun. Morris worked with feverish energy and on finishing the portion assigned to him, proceeded to decorate the roof. The frescoes, done too soon and too fast, began to fade at once and are now barely decipherable.

Marriage and family

Rossetti had recruited two sisters, Bessie and Jane Burden, as models for the Oxford Union murals, and Morris was smitten with Jane from the start. They became engaged in 1858 and married at St Michael at the Northgate, Oxford, on 26 April 1859, settling temporarily at 41 Great Ormond Street, London. Morris's only surviving painting in oils is of Jane Burden as La Belle Iseult. William and Jane had two daughters, Jane Alice (Jenny), born January 1861, who developed epilepsy in her teens, and Mary (May) (March 18621938), who became the editor of her father's works, a prominent socialist, and an accomplished designer and craftswoman.

Although of humble origins and unschooled in her youth, Jane Morris underwent a remarkable self-education after her marriage. A striking beauty, she mixed freely with the Pre-Raphaelites and posed many times for Rossetti, who became passionately attached to her. The Morrises' initial happiness together did not survive the first ten years of their marriage, but divorce was unthinkable, and they remained together until Morris's death.

Red House

Red House, Bexleyheath

For several years after his marriage Morris was absorbed in two connected occupations: the building and decoration of a house for himself and Jane, and the foundation of a firm of decorators who were also artists, with the view of reinstating decoration, down to its smallest details, as one of the fine arts. Meanwhile he was slowly abandoning painting; none of his paintings are dated later than 1862.

Red House at Bexleyheath in Kent, so named when the use of red brick without stucco was still unusual in domestic architecture, was built for Morris to designs by Webb; it was Webb's first building as an independent architect Red House featured ceiling paintings by Morris, wall-hangings designed by Morris and worked by himself and Jane; furniture painted by Morris and Rossetti, and wall-paintings and stained- and painted glass designed by Burne-Jones. However it contained no wallpaper, printed or woven fabrics, or carpets by the firm, these being manufactured from 1864, 1868 and 1875 respectively.

Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co.

Main article: Morris & Co.

In 1861, the decorative arts firm of Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co.(later described by Nicholas Pevsner as the 'beginning of a new era in Western art ') was founded with Morris, Rossetti, Burne-Jones, Ford Madox Brown and Philip Webb as partners, together with Charles Faulkner and P. P. Marshall, the former of whom was a member of the Oxford Brotherhood, and the latter a friend of Brown and Rossetti. The prospectus set forth that the firm would undertake carving, stained glass, metal-work, paper-hangings, chintzes (printed fabrics), and carpets. The decoration of churches was from the first an important part of the business. On its non-ecclesiastical side it gradually was extended to include, besides painted windows and mural decoration, furniture, metal and glass wares, cloth and paper wall-hangings, embroideries, jewelery, woven and knotted carpets, silk damasks, and tapestries. The first headquarters of the firm were at 8 Red Lion Square.

The work shown by the firm at the 1862 International Exhibition attracted much notice, and from 1866 began to make a profit. In the autumn of 1864, a severe illness obliged Morris to choose between giving up his home at Red House in Kent and giving up his work in London. With great reluctance he gave up Red House, and in 1865 established himself under the same roof with his workshops, now relocated to Queen Square, Bloomsbury.

An important commission of 1867 was the "green dining room" at the South Kensington Museum (now the Morris Room of the Victoria and Albert), featuring stained glass windows and panel figures by Burne-Jones, panels with branches of fruit or flowers by Morris, and olive branches and a frieze by Philip Webb.

Although already the firms paid manager, in 1874 Morris wished to take sole control of the now profitable firm, but, unsurprisingly, had to buy out other shareholders. This venture into capitalism was a severe test of friendship with Rossetti and Ford Maddox Brown. Throughout his life, Morris continued as principal owner and design director, although the company changed names. Its most famous incarnation was as Morris & Co. The firm's designs are still sold today under licenses given to Sanderson and Sons (which markets the "Morris & Co." brand) and Liberty of London.

Kelmscott Manor

In 1869, Morris and Rossetti rented a country house, Kelmscott Manor at Kelmscott, Oxfordshire, as a summer retreat, but it soon became a retreat for Rossetti and Jane Morris to have a long-lasting and complicated liaison. The two spent summers there, with the Morris children, while Morris himself traveled to Iceland in 1871 and 1873. Kelmscott Manor remained an important retreat and symbol of simple country life for Morris in later years. It was the model for "the old house by the Thames" in Morris's News from Nowhere.

Socialism

In the 1870s, Morris had begun to take an active interest in politics. He became treasurer of the National Liberal League in 1879; but after the Irish coercive measures of 1881, he finally abandoned the Liberal Party and advanced into socialist politics.

In January 1883, Morris was enrolled among the members of the Democratic Federation, forerunner of the Social Democratic Federation. Over the next two years, Morris and party founder Henry Hyndman worked together as the best-known leaders of the fledgling organisation. For the rest of the decade, his creative efforts sprang from his socialist politics.

In March 1883 he gave an address at Manchester on "Art, Wealth and Riches"; in May he was elected upon the executive of the federation. In September he wrote the first of his "Chants for Socialists." About the same time he shocked the authorities by pleading in University Hall for the wholesale support of socialism among the undergraduates at Oxford. Nevertheless, the federation began to weaken. At the franchise meeting in Hyde Park in 1884 it was unable to get a hearing.

Morris had not yet lost heart. Internal dissensions in 1884 led to the Morris's foundation of the breakaway Socialist League, and in February 1885 a new organ, Commonweal, began to print Morris's rallying-songs. It was also during this period that Morris wrote his best-known prose works, A Dream of John Ball and the utopian News from Nowhere.

After the Trafalgar Square riots in February 1886, the League became caught up in a debate between those who believed in working through Parliament and with the existing union movement (alongside preparing and propagandising for revolutionary transformation) and an anarchist-influenced section who did not, a debate that distanced it from the growing working-class Labour movement of the decade. Morris played peacemaker but sided with the anti-Parliamentarians, who won control of the League at the expense of the departure of the 'orthodox' Marxist group.

From 1887, anarchists began to outnumber socialists in the Socialist League. The 3rd Annual Conference of the League, held in London on 29 May 1887 marked the change, with a majority of the 24 branch delegates voting in favor of an anarchist-sponsored resolution declaring that "This conference endorses the policy of abstention from parliamentary action, hitherto pursued by the League, and sees no sufficient reason for altering it."

William Morris (right) with artist Edward Burne-Jones, 1890.

In August 1888, Eleanor Marx and her partner, Edward Aveling, exited the Socialist League, followed by a number of other socialists from both the pro- and anti-parliamentary factions. The Socialist League was left to the dominant anarchists, with whom Morris had allied himself.

By 1889, the anarchist wing had completely captured the organisation. William Morris was stripped of the editorship of Commonweal in favor of Frank Kitz, an anarchist workman. Morris was left to foot the ongoing operating deficit of the publication, approximately 4 per week this at a time when 150 per year was the average annual family income in the kingdom. By the autumn of 1890, Morris had had enough and he, too, withdrew from the Socialist League.

The following years have been described as a time of disillusionment for Morris, but he continued to write articles and give public lectures in active support of the Socialist cause. Morris himself being perhaps the greatest British representative of what has come to be called libertarian socialism. Liberated from internal factional struggles, he retracted his anti-Parliamentary position and worked for Socialist unity, giving his last public lecture in January 1896 on the subject of "One Socialist Party."

Historic preservation

Although Morris never became a practising architect, his interest in architecture continued throughout his life. In 1877 he founded the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings (sometimes known as "Anti-Scrape"), which sprang into being as a practical protest against a scheme for restoring and reviving Tewkesbury Abbey. His preservation work resulted indirectly in the founding of the National Trust. Combined with the inspiration of John Ruskin  in particular his essay "The Nature of Gothic"  architecture played an important symbolic part in Morris's approach to socialism.

Later years

In his later years, Morris returned to the paramount interests of his life, art and literature. When his business was enlarged in 1881 by the establishment of a tapestry industry at Merton Abbey Mills, in Surrey, Morris found yet another means for expressing the medievalism that inspired all his work, whether on paper or at the loom. He then added another to his many activities; he assumed a direct interest in typography. In the early seventies he had devoted much attention to the arts of manuscript illumination and calligraphy. He himself wrote several manuscripts, with illuminations of his own devising. From this to attempts to beautify the art of modern printing was but a short step. The House of the Wolfings, printed in 1889 at the Chiswick Press, was the first essay in this direction; and in the same year, in The Roots of the Mountains, he carried his theory a step further. Some fifteen months later he added a private printing-press to his multifarious occupations and started upon the first volume issued from the Kelmscott Press. For the last few years of his life this new interest remained the absorbing one.

After his departure from the Socialist League, Morris divided his time between the Firm, then relocated to Merton Abbey, Kelmscott House in Hammersmith, the Kelmscott Press, and Kelmscott Manor. At his death at Kelmscott House in 1896 he was interred in the Kelmscott village churchyard.

Writings

William Morris was a prolific writer of poetry, fiction, essays, and translations of ancient and medieval texts. His first poems were published when he was 24 years old, and he was polishing his final novel, The Sundering Flood, at the time of his death. His daughter May's edition of Morris's Collected Works (19101915) runs to 24 volumes, and two more were published in 1936.

Poetry

Morris began publishing poetry and short stories in 1856 through the Oxford and Cambridge Magazine which he founded with his friends and financed while at university. His first volume, The Defence of Guenevere and Other Poems (1858), was the first book of Pre-Raphaelite poetry to be published. The dark poems, set in a sombre world of violence, were coolly received by the critics, and he was discouraged from publishing more for a number of years. "The Haystack in the Floods", one of the poems in that collection, is probably now one of his better-known poems. It is a grimly realistic piece set during the Hundred Years War in which the doomed lovers Jehane and Robert have a last parting in a convincingly portrayed rain-swept countryside. One early minor poem was "Masters in this Hall" (1860), a Christmas carol written to an old French tune. Another Christmas-themed poem is "The Snow in the Street", adapted from "The Land East of the Sun and West of the Moon" in The Earthly Paradise.

When he returned to poetry in the late 1860s it was with The Life and Death of Jason, which was published with great success in 1867. Jason was followed by The Earthly Paradise, a huge collection of poems loosely bound together in what he called a leather strapbound book. The theme was of a group of medieval wanderers who set out to search for a land of everlasting life; after much disillusion, they discover a surviving colony of Greeks with whom they exchange stories. The collection brought him almost immediate fame and popularity (all of his books thereafter were published as "by the author of The Earthly Paradise"). The last-written stories in the collection are retellings of Icelandic sagas. From then until his Socialist period Morris's fascination with the ancient Germanic and Norse peoples dominated his writing. Together with his Icelandic friend Eirkr Magnsson he was the first to translate many of the Icelandic sagas into English, and his own epic retelling of the story of Sigurd the Volsung was his favourite among his poems. Due to his wide poetic acclaim, Morris was quietly approached with an offer of the Poet Laureateship after the death of Tennyson in 1892, but declined.

Translations

Morris had met Eirikr Magnsson in 1868, and together they began to learn the Icelandic language. Morris published translations of The Saga of Gunnlaug Worm-Tongue and Grettis Saga in 1869, and the Story of the Volsungs and Niblungs in 1870. An additional volume was published under the title of Three Northern Love Stories in 1873.

In the mid-1870s, Morris's leisure was mainly occupied by work as a scribe and illuminator; to this period belong, among other works, two manuscripts of Fitzgerald Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam with illustrations by Burne-Jones. He was for some time engaged in the production of a magnificent folio manuscript of Virgil's Aeneid, and in the course of that work had begun to translate the poem into English verse. The manuscript was finally laid aside for the translation, and the Eneids of Virgil was published in November 1875. Morris also translated large numbers of medieval and classical works, including Homer's Odyssey in 1887.

Prose romances

In the last nine years of his life, Morris wrote a series of imaginative fictions usually referred to as the "prose romances". These novels  including The Wood Beyond the World and The Well at the World's End  have been credited as important milestones in the history of fantasy fiction, because, while other writers wrote of foreign lands, or of dream worlds, or the future (as Morris did in News from Nowhere), Morris's works were the first to be set in an entirely invented fantasy world.

These were attempts to revive the genre of medieval romance, and not wholly successful, partly because he eschewed many literary techniques from later eras. In particular, the plots of the novels are heavily driven by coincidence; while many things just happened in the romances, the novels are still weakened by the dependence on it. Nevertheless, large subgenres of the field of fantasy have sprung from the romance genre, but indirectly, through their writers' imitation of William Morris. The Wood Beyond the World is considered to have heavily influenced C. S. Lewis' Narnia series, while J. R. R. Tolkien was inspired by Morris's reconstructions of early Germanic life in The House of the Wolfings and The Roots of the Mountains. (The young Tolkien attempted a retelling of the story of Kullervo from the Kalevala in the style of The House of the Wolfings.) James Joyce also drew inspiration from his work.

Textiles

Cabbage and vine tapestry, 1879

Furnishing textiles were an important offering of the firm in all its incarnations. By 1883, Morris wrote "Almost all the designs we use for surface decoration, wallpapers, textiles, and the like, I design myself. I have had to learn the theory and to some extent the practice of weaving, dyeing and textile printing: all of which I must admit has given me and still gives me a great deal of enjoyment."

Morris's preference for flat use of line and colour and abhorrence of "realistic" three-dimensional shading was marked; in this he followed the propositions of Owen Jones as set out in his 'The Grammar of Ornament' of 1856, a copy of which Morris owned. Writing on tapestry weaving, Morris said:

As in all wall-decoration, the first thing to be considered in the designing of Tapestry is the force, purity, and elegance of the silhouette of the objects represented, and nothing vague or indeterminate is admissible. But special excellences can be expected from it. Depth of tone, richness of colour, and exquisite gradation of tints are easily to be obtained in Tapestry; and it also demands that crispness and abundance of beautiful detail which was the especial characteristic of fully developed Medival Art. - Of the Revival of Design and Handicraft

It is likely that much of Morris's preference for medieval textiles was formed  or crystallised  during his brief apprenticeship with G. E. Street. Street had co-written a book on Ecclesiastical Embroidery in 1848, and was a staunch advocate of abandoning faddish woolen work on canvas in favour of more expressive embroidery techniques based on Opus Anglicanum, a surface embroidery technique popular in medieval England.

Embroidery

Main article: Art needlework

Morris taught himself embroidery, working with wool on a frame custom-built from an old example, and once he had mastered the technique he trained his wife Jane and her sister Bessie Burden and others to execute designs to his specifications. "Embroideries of all kinds" were offered through Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co. catalogues, and church embroidery became and remained an important line of business for its successor companies into the twentieth century. By the 1870s, the firm was offering both designs for embroideries and finished works. Following in Street's footsteps, Morris became active in the growing movement to return originality and mastery of technique to embroidery, and was one of the first designers associated with the Royal School of Art Needlework with its aim to "restore Ornamental Needlework for secular purposes to the high place it once held among decorative arts."

Printed and woven textiles

Design for "Tulip and Willow" indigo-discharge wood-block printed fabric, 1873

Morris's first repeating pattern for wallpaper is dated 1862, but was not manufactured until 1864. All his wallpaper designs were manufactured for him by Jeffrey & Co, a commercial wallpaper maker. In 1868 he designed his first pattern specifically for fabric printing. As in so many other areas that interested him, Morris chose to work with the ancient technique of hand woodblock printing in preference to the roller printing which had almost completely replaced it for commercial uses.

Morris took up the practical art of dyeing as a necessary adjunct of his manufacturing business. He spent much of his time at Staffordshire dye works mastering the processes of that art and making experiments in the revival of old or discovery of new methods. One result of these experiments was to reinstate indigo dyeing as a practical industry and generally to renew the use of those vegetable dyes, like madder, which had been driven almost out of use by the anilines. Dyeing of wools, silks, and cottons was the necessary preliminary to what he had much at heart, the production of woven and printed fabrics of the highest excellence; and the period of incessant work at the dye-vat (187576) was followed by a period during which he was absorbed in the production of textiles (187778), and more especially in the revival of carpet-weaving as a fine art. However, his first carpet designs of 1875, were made for him industrially by commercial firms using machinery.

Morris's patterns for woven textiles, some of which were also machine made under ordinary commercial conditions, included intricate double-woven furnishing fabrics in which two sets of warps and wefts are interlinked to create complex gradations of colour and texture. His textile designs are still popular today, sometimes recoloured for modern sensibilities, but also in the original colourways.

Tapestry

Morris long dreamed of weaving tapestries in the medieval manner, which he called "the noblest of the weaving arts." In September 1879 he finished his first solo effort, a small piece called "Cabbage and Vine". Shortly thereafter Morris trained his employee John Henry Dearle in the technique, setting up a tapestry loom at Queen Square and later a large tapestry works at Merton Abbey.

The Kelmscott Press

Trademark of the Kelmscott Press

In January 1891, Morris founded the Kelmscott Press at Hammersmith, London, in order to produce books by traditional methods, using, as far as possible, the printing technology and typographical style of the fifteenth century. In this he was reflecting the tenets of the Arts and Crafts movement, and responding to the mechanization and mass-production of contemporary book-production methods and to the rise of lithography, particularly those lithographic prints designed to look like woodcuts.

He designed two typefaces based on fifteenth-century models, the Roman "Golden" type (inspired by the type of the early Venetian printer Nicolaus Jenson) and the black letter "Troy" type; a third type, the "Chaucer" was a smaller version of the Troy type. He also designed floriated borders and initials for the books, drawing inspiration from incunabula and their woodcut illustrations. Selection of paper and ink, and concerns for the overall integration of type and decorations on the page, made the Kelmscott Press the most famous of the private presses of the Arts and Crafts movement, and the main inspiration for what became known as the "Private Press Movement". It operated until 1898, producing more than 18,000 copies of 53 different works, comprising 69 volumes, and inspired numerous other private presses, notably the Vale Press, Caradoc Press, Ashendene Press and Doves Press.

Publications

Kelmscott Manor depicted in the frontispiece to the 1893 Kelmscott Press edition of News from Nowhere.

Among the works issued by the Kelmscott Press were:

William Morris, The Story of the Glittering Plain (1891)

William Morris, The Defence of Guenevere and other Poems (1892)

William Morris, A Dream of John Ball and A King's Lesson (1892)

Raoul Lafevre, The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye (1892)

William Shakespeare, The Poems (1893)

William Morris, News from Nowhere (1893)

William Caxton (trans.), The History of Reynard the Foxe (1893)

William Caxton (trans.), The Order of Chivalry (1893)

Guilelmus, Archbishop of Tyrel, The History of Geoffrey of Boloyne (1893)

Sir Thomas More, Utopia (1893)

Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Sonnets and Lyrical Poems (1893)

Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Ballads and Narrative Poems (1893)

Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Hand and Soul (1894)

Wilhelm Meinhold, Sidonia the Sorceress (1894)

William Morris, The Story of the Glittering Plain (1894)

Algernon Charles Swinburne, Atalanta in Calydon (1894)

An American Memorial to Keats (1895)

Sir Percyvelle of Gales (1895)

William Morris, The Life and Death of Jason (1895)

Geoffrey Chaucer, The Works (called the Kelmscott Chaucer) (1896)

William Morris, The Earthly Paradise (1896)

Sir Ysumbrace (1897)

William Morris, The Story of Sigurd the Volsung and the Fall of the Niblungs (1898)

The Kelmscott Press edition of The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, with decorations by Morris and illustrations by Burne-Jones, is sometimes counted among the most beautiful books ever produced. Full-scale facsimiles of the Kelmscott Chaucer were published by the Basilisk Press in 1974 and by the Folio Society in 2002. More modest facsimiles were published by World Publishing in 1964 and Omega Books in 1985.

Morris family tombstone at Kelmscott, designed by Philip Webb

Legacy

Assessment

Three years after his death, Morris's biographer John William Mackail (the husband of Burne-Jones's daughter Margaret and so a member of his immediate circle) summed up his career for the Dictionary of National Biography in a quote that is markedly prescient in its assessment:

The fame of Morris during his life was probably somewhat obscured by the variety of his accomplishments. In all his work after he reached mature life there is a marked absence of extravagance, of display, of superficial cleverness or effectiveness, and an equally marked sense of composition and subordination. Thus his poetry is singularly devoid of striking lines or phrases, and his wall-papers and chintzes only reveal their full excellence by the lastingness of the satisfaction they give. His genius as a pattern-designer is allowed by all qualified judges to have been unequalled. This, if anything, he himself regarded as his specific profession; it was under the designation of "designer" that he enrolled himself in the socialist ranks and claimed a position as one of the working class. And it is the quality of design which, together with a certain fluent ease, distinguishes his work in literature as well as in industrial art. It is yet too early to forecast what permanent place he may hold among English poets. "The Defence of Guenevere" had a deep influence on a limited audience. With "Jason" and the "Earthly Paradise" he attained a wide popularity: and these poems, appearing as they did at a time when the poetic art in England seemed narrowing into mere labour on a thrice-ploughed field, not only gave a new scope, range, and flexibility to English rhymed verse, but recovered for narrative poetry a place among the foremost kinds of the art. A certain diffuseness of style may seem to be against their permanent life, so far as it is not compensated by a uniform wholesomeness and sweetness which indeed marks all Morris work. In "Sigurd the Volsung" Morris appears to have aimed higher than in his other poems, but not to have reached his aim with the same certainty; and his own return afterwards from epic to romance may indicate that the latter was the ground on which he was most at home. The prose romances of his later years have so far proved less popular in themselves than in the dilutions they have suggested to other writers. Here as elsewhere Morris great effect was to stimulate the artistic sense and initiate movements. So likewise it was with his political and social work. Much of it was not practical in the ordinary sense; but it was based on principles and directed towards ideals which have had a wide and profound influence over thought and practice.

From a later perspective, Stansky concludes that:

Morris's views on the environment, on preserving what is of value in both the natural and "built" worlds, on decentralising bloated government, are as significant now as they were in Morris's own time, or even more so. Earlier in the twentieth century, much of his thinking, particularly its political side, was dismissed as sheer romanticism. After the Second World War, it appeared that modernisation, centralisation, industrialism, rationalism  all the faceless movements of the time  were in control and would take care of the world. Today, when we have a keen sense of the shambles of their efforts, the suggestions which Morris made in his designs, his writings, his actions and his politics have new power and relevance.

Today, Morris's poetry is little-read. His fantasy romances languished out of print for decades until their rediscovery amid the great fantasy revival of the late 1960s following the phenomenal success of Tolkien's Lord of the Rings. But his textile and wallpaper designs remain a staple of the Arts and Crafts Revival of the turn of the 21st century, and the reproduction of Morris designs as fabric, wrapping paper, and craft kits of all sorts is testament to the enduring appeal of his work. The William Morris Societies in Britain, the US, and Canada are active in preserving Morris's work and ideas.

Notable collections and house museums

Main Entrance to Kelmscott Manor

A number of galleries and museums house important collections of Morris's work and decorative items commissioned from Morris & Co. The William Morris Gallery in Walthamstow, England, is a public museum devoted to Morris' life, work and influence. There are permanent displays of printed, woven and embroidered fabrics, rugs, carpets, wallpapers, furniture, stained glass and painted tiles by Morris and his associates. In April 2007, The Guardian newspaper reported that funding for the Gallery was threatened by cost cutting by the London borough of Waltham Forest. A campaign to avoid the reduction in opening times and dismissal of key staff is underway. The former "green dining room" at the Victoria and Albert Museum is now its "Morris Room". The V&A's British Galleries house other decorative works by Morris and his associates.

Wightwick Manor in the West Midlands, England, is a notable example of the Morris & Co. style, with original Morris wallpapers and fabrics, De Morgan tiles, and Pre-Raphaelite works of art, managed by the National Trust. Standen in West Sussex, England, was designed by Webb between 1892 and 1894 and decorated with Morris carpets, fabrics and wallpapers. Morris's homes Red House and Kelmscott Manor have been preserved. Red House was acquired by the National Trust in 2003 and is open to the public by advanced reservation. Kelmscott Manor is owned by the Society of Antiquaries of London and is open to the public.

The Huntington Library, Art Collections and Botanical Gardens in San Marino, California acquired the collection of Morris materials amassed by Sanford and Helen Berger in 1999. The collection includes stained glass, wallpaper, textiles, embroidery, drawings, ceramics, more than 2000 books, original woodblocks, and the complete archives of both Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co. and Morris & Co. These materials formed the foundation for the 2002 exhibition William Morris: Creating the Useful and the Beautiful and 2003 exhibition The Beauty of Life: William Morris and the Art of Design and accompanying publication.

Monuments

A fountain located in Bexleyheath town centre, named the Morris Fountain, was created in his honour and unveiled on the anniversary of his birth. Also in Bexleyheath, Morris' home Red House was opened up to the public by the National Trust in 2004. Also, Walthamstow Central tube station has William Morris inspired motifs (by Julia Black) in regularly spaced alcoves along the platform walls.

Literary works

Poetry, fiction, and essays

The Hollow Land (1856)

The Defence of Guenevere, and other Poems (1858)

The Life and Death of Jason (1867)

The Earthly Paradise (18681870)

Love is Enough, or The Freeing of Pharamond: A Morality (1872)

The Story of Sigurd the Volsung and the Fall of the Niblungs (1877)

Hopes and Fears For Art (1882)

The Pilgrims of Hope (1885)

A Dream of John Ball (1888)

A Tale of the House of the Wolfings, and All the Kindreds of the Mark Written in Prose and in Verse (1889)

The Roots of the Mountains (1890)

Poems By the Way (1891)

News from Nowhere (or, An Epoch of Rest) (1890)

The Story of the Glittering Plain (1891)

The Wood Beyond the World (1894)

Child Christopher and Goldilind the Fair (1895)

The Well at the World's End (1896)

The Water of the Wondrous Isles (1897)

The Sundering Flood (1897) (published posthumously)

Translations

Grettis Saga: The Story of Grettir the Strong with Eirkr Magnsson (1869)

The Saga of Gunnlaug the Worm-tongue and Rafn the Skald with Eirkr Magnsson (1869)

Vlsung Saga: The Story of the Volsungs and Niblungs, with Certain Songs from the Elder Edda with Eirkr Magnsson (1870) (from the Volsunga saga)

Three Northern Love Stories, and Other Tales with Eirkr Magnsson (1875)

The Odyssey of Homer Done into English Verse (1887)

The Aeneids of Virgil Done into English (1876)

Of King Florus and the Fair Jehane (1893)

The Tale of Beowulf Done out of the Old English Tongue (1895)

Old French Romances Done into English (1896)

Gallery

Morris & Co. stained glass

David's Charge to Solomon (1882), a stained-glass window by Edward Burne-Jones and William Morris in Trinity Church, Boston, Massachusetts.

Burne-Jonesesigned and Morris & Co.-executed Nativity windows (1882), Trinity Church, Boston

Burne-Jonesesigned and Morris & Co.-executed The Worship of the Shepherds window (1882), Trinity Church, Boston.

Detail from The Worship of the Shepherds window (1882).

Morris & Co. textiles

Acanthus wallpaper, 1875

Snakeshead printed textile, 1876

"Peacock and Dragon" woven wool furnishing fabric, 1878

Design for Windrush printed textile, 188183

Detail of Woodpecker tapestry, 1885

The Vision of the Holy Grail tapestry, 1890

Acanthus embroidered panel, designed Morris, 1890

Strawberry Thief, furnishing fabric, designed Morris, 1883

Decorative objects

The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, text and decoration by Morris with illustrations by Burne-Jones, 1870s

Panel of ceramic tiles designed by Morris and produced by William De Morgan, 1876

Kelmscott Press

Kelmscott Press typefaces and colophon, 1897

William Morris, publisher

The Nature of Gothic by John Ruskin, printed by Kelmscott Press. First page of text, with typical ornamented border

Troilus and Criseyde, from the Kelmscott Chaucer. Illustration by Burne-Jones and decorations and typefaces by Morris

See also

Arts and Crafts movement

Eco-socialism

Merry England

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

Social Democratic Federation

Socialism

Socialist League

Victorian decorative arts

Notes

^ a b c d e f g h i j Dictionary of National Biography, 1901, "William Morris"

^ a b c d e f g h i Encyclopedia Britannica, 1911, "William Morris"

^ J. W. Mackail, Life of William Morris, p. 38

^ Robinson, Elizabeth (1924). Deaconess Gilmore. London: S.P.C.K.. pp. 53. 

^ Morris's authorized biographer, John William Mackail, states that Morris left Marlborough "a committed Anglo-Catholic." See J. W. Mackail, Life of William Morris, p. 17

^ J. W. Mackail, Life of William Morris, p. 25

^ Parry, William Morris, p. 90

^ Watkinson, Ray, "Painting" in Parry, William Morris, p. 90

^ Watkinson, Ray, "Painting" in Parry, William Morris, p. 93

^ a b Parry, William Morris, p. 14-16

^ a b Daly, Pre-Raphaelites in Love, p. 340-341, 402-404

^ a b Parry, "Domestic Decoration." In William Morris, p. 136137

^ Pevsner, Nicholas Pioneers of Modern Design (1936)

^ Charles Harvey and Jon Press, "The Businessman." in Parry, William Morris, p. 49-50

^ Todd, Pre-Raphaelites at Home, p. 123130

^ G.D.H. Cole, A History of Socialist Thought: Volume II: Marxism and Anarchism, 1850-1890. London: Macmillan & Co., 1954; pg. 398.

^ Beer, A History of British Socialism, vol. 2, pg. 256.

^ Marx-Engels Collected Works: Volume 48. New York: International Publishers, 2001; pg. 538, fn. 95.

^ Beer, A History of British Socialism, vol. 2, pg. 256.

^ Clayton, The Rise and Decline of Socialism in Great Britain, pg. 44.

^ Thompson, E. P. (1976). William Morris: Romantic to Revolutionary. New York: Pantheon. pp. 228. ISBN 0394733207. "The Society, which Morris dubbed 'Anti-Scrape'..." 

^ William Morris Society. "Merton Abbey". http://www.morrissociety.org/mertonabbey.html. Retrieved 2008-08-22. 

^ a b c d e f Faulkner, Peter, "The Writer". In Parry, William Morris, p. 44-45

^ "The words were written for the old French carol tune shortly before 1860 by Morris, who was in Street's office with Edmund Sedding (architect and compiler of carols, brother of the more famous J. D. Sedding; he died early, in 1868). Sedding had obtained the tune from the organist at Chartres Cathedral, and he published the words and tune in his Antient Christmas Carols, 1860."  The Oxford Book of Carols, 1928, p. 277.

^ Set to music by composers including Ralph Vaughan Williams. The Oxford Book of Carols, 1928, p. 406.

^ Full text, with illustrations, at "The Life and Death of Jason". Morris Online Edition. 1867. http://morrisedition.lib.uiowa.edu/jason.html. Retrieved 2008-08-22. 

^ Faulkner, Peter, "The Writer". In Parry, William Morris, p. 47

^ Lin Carter, ed. Kingdoms of Sorcery, p. 39 Doubleday and Company Garden City, NY, 1976.

^ L. Sprague de Camp, Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy, p. 46. ISBN 0-87054-076-9

^ L. Sprague de Camp, Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers, p. 40.

^ L. Sprague de Camp, Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers, p. 26.

^ Hammond and Scull, The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide, p. 816.

^ Hero, Stephen, "Morris and James Joyce," The Journal of William Morris Studies, 6.3 (Summer 1985): 36, p. 11.

^ Quoted in Waggoner, DianeThe Beauty of Life: William Morris & the Art of Design.

^ Parry, William Morris Textiles, pp. 1011.

^ Parry, William Morris Textiles, pp. 1617.

^ Quoted in Parry, William Morris Textiles, pp. 1819.

^ Parry, William Morris Textiles, pp. 3646.

^ Waggoner, The Beauty of Life, p. 54.

^ Parry, William Morris Textiles, pp. 103104.

^ Waggoner, The Beauty of Life, p. 86.

^ a b Fiell and Fiell (1999), William Morris pp. 160165.

^ Dreyfus, John, "The Kelmscott Press". In Parry, William Morris (1996) pp. 310345.

^ "William Morris and the Kelmscott Press". http://www.alfredom.com/art/morris.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-22.  See also Peterson.

^ Stansky (1983) p. 89.

^ "News from Waltham Forest". The Guardian. 2007-04-21. http://arts.guardian.co.uk/art/news/story/0,,2062448,00.html. 

^ "William Morris at the Victoria and Albert Museum". http://www.victorianart.btinternet.co.uk/va-web/victoria_and_albert_museum.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-22. 

^ "Crafts Cornered", Los Angeles Times, 15 December 1999, p. F1.

^ "Huntington Library: "William Morris: Creating the Useful and the Beautiful"". http://www.huntington.org/ArtDiv/morris.html. Retrieved 2008-08-22. 

References

Carpenter, Humphrey, Tolkien: A Biography, New York, Ballantine Books, 1977, ISBN 0-04-928037-6

Coote, Stephen, William Morris: His Life and Work, Smithmark Publishers, 1995, ISBN 1-85833-479-9

Daly, Gay, Pre-Raphaelites in Love, New York, Ticknor & Fields, 1989, ISBN 0-89919-450-8

de Camp, L. Sprague, Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy, ISBN 0-87054-076-9

Fairclough, Oliver and Emmeline Leary, Textiles by William Morris and Morris & Co. 18611940, Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery, 1981, ISBN 0-89860-065-0

Fiell, Charlotte and Peter, William Morris Cologne, Taschen, 1999 ISBN 3-8228-6617-2.

Hammond, Wayne and Christina Scull, The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 2006, ISBN 978-0-618-39113-4

Kelvin Norman ed. The Collected Letters of William Morris Princeton University Press 1985 ISBN 978 069 1065014

Mackail, J. W., The Life of William Morris in two volumes, London, New York and Bombay: Longmans, Green and Co., 1899

Google Books edition of Volume I and Volume II (1911 reprint) retrieved 16 August 2008

Mackail, J. W., "William Morris," in The Dictionary of National Biography. Supp. vol. 3 (London: Smith, Elder and Co., 1901), p. 197203, reproduced at the William Morris Society

Parry, Linda, "Textiles", in The Earthly Paradise: Arts and Crafts by Wiliam Morris and his Circle in Canadian Collections, edited by Katharine A. Lochnan, Douglas E. Schoenherr, and Carole Silver, Key Porter Books, 1993, ISBN 1-55013-450-7

Parry, Linda, ed., William Morris, Abrams, 1996, ISBN 0-8109-4282-8

Parry, Linda, William Morris and the Arts and Crafts Movement: A Sourcebook, New York, Portland House, 1989 ISBN 0-517-69260-0

Parry, Linda, William Morris Textiles, New York, Viking Press, 1983, ISBN 0-670-77074-4

Parry, Linda, Textiles of the Arts & Crafts Movement, Thames and Hudson, revised edition 2005, ISBN 0-500-28536-5

Stansky, Peter (1983). William Morris. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 019287571X. 

Peterson, William S., A bibliography of the Kelmscott Press. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984. ISBN 0-19-818199-X

Peterson, William S., The Kelmscott Press: a history of William Morris's typographical adventure. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991. ISBN 0-19-812887-8

Thompson, E.P. (2nd edition, 1976) William Morris: Romantic to Revolutionary, Pantheon, ISBN 0-394-73320-7

Todd, Pamela, Pre-Raphaelites at Home, New York: Watson-Guptill, 2001. ISBN 0-8230-4285-5

Waggoner, Diane, The Beauty of Life: William Morris & the Art of Design, Thames and Hudson, 2003, ISBN 0-500-28434-2

Further reading

Arscott, Caroline. William Morris and Edward Burne-Jones: Interlacings, (New Haven and London: Yale University Press (Published for the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art), 2008). ISBN 978-0-300-14093-4

Freudenheim, Leslie. Building with Nature: Inspiration for the Arts & Crafts Home (Gibbs Smith 2005 ) ISBN 978-1-58685-463-8.

Goodway, David. Anarchist Seeds beneath the Snow: Left Libertarian Thought and English Writers From William Morris to Colin Ward (2006).

MacCarthy, Fiona (1994). William Morris: A Life For Our Time. London: Faber. ISBN 0571174957. 

Marsh, Jan (2005). William Morris and Red House: A Collaboration Between Architect and Owner. National Trust Books. ISBN 9781905400010. 

Pinkney, Tony. William Morris in Oxford: The Campaigning Years, 18791895 (2007).

Robinson, Duncan (1982). William Morris, Edward Burne-Jones and the Kelmscott Chaucer. London: Gordon Fraser. 

Watkinson, Ray (1990). William Morris as Designer. London: Trefoil Books. ISBN 0862940400. 

External links

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

William Morris

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: William Morris

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: William Morris

Sources

Works by William Morris at Project Gutenberg. Plain text and HTML versions.

Works by William Morris at Internet Archive. Scanned books, many illustrated.

Works by William Morris at The Online Books Page.

Works by William Morris at sacred-texts.com, including full text of The Earthly Paradise.

William Morris Index Entry at Poets' Corner

The William Morris Internet Archive (marxists.org)

Biography by J. W. Mackail (Dictionary of National Biography, 1901)

"William Morris", Stephen Gwynn in Macmillan's Magazine, Vol. LXXVIII, May to Oct., 1898, pp. 153-160

Other

William Morris and his Circle

William Morris Stained Glass

William Morris at Art Passions

William Morris - The Soul of Arts and Crafts

The William Morris Gallery (London Borough of Waltham Forest)

The William Morris Society

A Morris and De Morgan tile panel at the Victoria and Albert Museum, London

The Pre-Raph Pack Discover more about the artists, the techniques they used and a timeline spanning 100 years.

William Morris online exhibition at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin

v  d  e

Textile designers

18th century

Anna Maria Garthwaite  William Kilburn

19th century

John Henry Dearle  William Morris  Franco Scalamandr  C. F. A. Voysey

Early 20th century

Alexander Girard  Ruth Reeves  May Smith  Thelma Johnson Streat  Silver Studio

Late 20th century

Laura Ashley  Hiroshi Awatsuji  Helen Berman  Valerie Campbell-Harding  Lucienne Day  Ada Dietz  Joan Glass  Lily Goddard  Hans Krondahl  Marimekko  Vuokko Nurmesniemi  Marianne Straub  Mary White

Contemporary

Celia Birtwell  Benoit Pierre Emery  Ivana Helsinki  Campion Platt

Persondata

NAME

Morris, William

ALTERNATIVE NAMES

SHORT DESCRIPTION

artist, writer, socialist, publisher

DATE OF BIRTH

24 March 1834

PLACE OF BIRTH

London

DATE OF DEATH

3 October 1896

PLACE OF DEATH

London

Categories: 1834 births | 1896 deaths | Artists' Rifles soldiers | Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford | Arts and Crafts Movement artists | British graphic designers | British Marxists | Communalism | English architects | English designers | English fantasy writers | English poets | English printers | English socialists | Libertarian socialists | Marxist writers | Mythopoeic writers | Old Marlburians | People from Walthamstow | Social Democratic Federation members | Socialist League (UK, 1885) members | Textile designers | Typographers | Victorian poets | British stained glass artists and manufacturersHidden categories: Articles with hCards | Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica

Natural resources of Ireland

China Product


Economy

Main article: Economy of Ireland

General heated dog beds

This section requires expansion with: quaker parrot

examples of economic importance and impact of natural resources (with relevant citations). dog diapers

Farming (including livestock rearing, dairy products, cereals, potatoes), is a key economic contributor. The livestock of Ireland consists of 6.41 m cattle, 4.81 m sheep, 1.76 m pigs, 11.3 m chickens.[citation needed]. Agriculture remains an important economic factor in Ireland - with the primary sector accounting for 5% of Irish GDP, and 8% of employment. In 2004, Ireland exported approximately 7.15 billion worth of agri-food and drink (about 8.4% of Ireland's exports), mainly as cattle, beef, and dairy products, and mainly to the United Kingdom. Agriculture products consist of turnips, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat, beef, and dairy products.

Energy derived from Ireland's natural resources includes natural gas production of 855 million cu m (2004 est), with domestic consumption running at 4.295 billion cu m (2004 est). Ireland exports 3.44 billion cu m, with natural gas reserves of 19.82 billion cu m. Oil consumption equals 175,600,000 bbl/d (Template:Convert/km3/d) (2003 est). Oil imports outweigh exports, with 27,450,000 bbl/d (Template:Convert/km3/d) exported (2001) and imports of 178,600,000 bbl/d (Template:Convert/km3/d).[citation needed] Electricity production in 2001 was 23.53 billion kWh; Of which sources were: fossil fuels 95.9%, hydro: 2.3%, nuclear: 0%, other: 1.8% (2001).[citation needed]

Primary raw material industries include: steel, lead, zinc, silver, aluminum, barite, and gypsum mining processing. Although heavy industry centers around key cities such as Belfast, Dublin, Cork, and other important port cities. Machinery and equipment manufacturing, food processing, and textile and electronics manufacturing are the leading industries of Ireland. Among those are also included paper making, furniture manufacturing, and shipbuilding. Northern Ireland is historically noted for its linen manufacture.

Fishing

For many years, Ireland has been noted for being one of the best fishing destinations in Europe. Ireland is an island nation that has extensive fishing grounds in its territorial seas and waters, part of which are protected from overfishing by the Irish Conservation Box.

In addition, Ireland has almost 14,000 kilometres of rivers that bear fish, along with numerous lakes. The freshwater lakes of the country provide an area of 357,000 square kilometres, providing a habitat for considerable fish life. (County Cavan alone boasts some 365 lakes.)

Some of the native species are char, eel, rainbow trout, perch, pike, pollan, and roach. Ireland's mild climate is favorable for fishing. The North Atlantic Drift warms the waters off the islands on the west coast so that the channels support both warm and cold water fish. In total, there are 64 types of fish and shellfish off the coast of Ireland. These include: Basking Shark, Blue Shark, Butterfish, Cod, Common Dogfish, common skate, Conger Eel, Greater Pipefish, Greater Sandeel, Mackerel, Lesser Sandeel, Lesser Weever, Lumpsucker, Pike, Plaice, Porbeagle Shark, Rainbow Trout, Roach, Tench, Tompot blenny, Tope.

Mining

Ireland's mining companies include the Anglo American plc, Arcon International Resources plc, Boliden Mineral AB, Conroy Diamonds and Gold P.l.c., Hereward Ventures plc, Mino Mining & Metals Corporation, Minco plc, and Strongbow Resources Ltd.

Anglo American plc

The Anglo-American plc is a mining and natural resources company. It is interested in significant and important boobies[clarification needed], platinum, diamonds, k, base and ferrous metals, industrial minerals and forest products.

Arcon International Resources plc

Arcon is an Irelandic registered mineral and mining exploration organization. It manages the Galmoy Zinc Mine, carrying out foregoing mineral exploration activities. Galmoy is now run by the Swedish owned company Lundin.

Boliden Mineral AB

New Boliden is a mining and smelting company with operations in Sweden, Finland, Norway and Ireland. Boliden's main minerals are copper, zinc, lead, gold and silver. They have more than 4,500 employees globally, and a turnover of approximately EUR 2 billion annually.

Conroy Diamonds and Gold

Conroy Diamonds and Gold was established in 1995 to exploit the discovery of the Galmoy Ore deposits - now in production as a major zinc mine. Its current activities are on a geological structure known as the Longford-Down Massif.

Hereward Ventures plc

Hereward Ventures plc is focused on the exploration of gold in Bulgaria, and base-land minerals in Ireland.

Minco Mining & Metals Corporation

Minco Mining & Metals Coroporation engages in the acquisition, search and development of base and precious metal properties.

Minco plc

Minco, which is an active zinc explorer, focusing on Pallas Green in Limerick where excavation shows some zinc mineralization.

Legislation affecting natural resource management

This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this section if you can. (November 2007)

Wildlife Act of 1976

The Wildlife act of 1976, was an act that would protect certain wildlife (including game) and flora. Under its terms, the "Wildlife Advisory Council" was also established - known officially in the Irish language as "An Chomhairle Fhiadhulra". The functions of this body included the establishment and maintenance of reserves and refuges for wildlife, the ongoing protection of breeding grounds, herd management, migration, etc. It would also make certain provisions relating to land, inland waters and the territorial waters of the state.

This act was followed by the "Wildlife Advisory Council Order" on March 13, 1978, the "Wildlife Act, 1976 (Protection of Wild Animals) Regulations" on September 10, 1980, the "Wildlife Act, 1976 (Acquisition of Land) Regulations" on February 06, 1978, and others.

The Act was amended several times, first by the "European Communities (Wildlife Act, 1976) (Amendment) Regulations, 1985", which sought to manage, conserve, and protect birds. The second amendment was the "European Communities (Wildlife Act, 1976) (Amendment) Regulations, 1986", which added the control of species of wild bird which may cause damage or injury to specified interests. The most recent was the "Wildlife (Amendment) Act, 2000 (Act No. 38 of 2000)", which provided for legislation relating to the management and conservation of forests, and the hunting and capture of birds in protected forests.

Forestry Act of 1988

The Forestry Act of July 13, 1988, would make provisions for the enlargement of forestry in the state, and provided the establishment of a company - later named Coillte Teoranta - which would be mandated with the management of state owned forests, and with providing grant aid to commercial and privately owned forest farming and planted woodland. It was later amended on August 15, 2000.

Sea Pollution Act of 1991

Originally constituted on August 11, 1959, the Sea Pollution Act:

set out to prevent the pollution of the sea by oil and other substances; it gave effect to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships;

would give effect to the Protocol concerning intervention on the high seas in cases of pollution by substances other than oil (Intervention Protocol);

provided for the repeal of the Oil Pollution of the Sea Acts, 1956 to 1977; and

provided for other matters related.

Also included was the maintenance of marine pollution (also with shipped based sources), oil pollution, and waste water.

Protection of the Environment Act of 2003

The Protection of the Environment act of July 14, 2003, was enacted to provide for the Execution of Directive 96/61/EC (dated September 24, 1996) of the Council of the European Communities concerning integrated pollution prevention and control and certain other acts adopted by the institutions of the EU. It also amended the Environmental Protection Agency Act of 1992 and the Waste Management Act of 1996, the Litter Pollution Act 1997 and to provide for foregoing matters.

It basically sought to prevent water pollution and protect land and soil quality. The act came from Environmental Protection Agency Act, 1992. of 1996, Waste Management Act, 1996. on May 20 1996, Planning And Development Act, 2000 (Act No. 30 of 2000). on August 28, 2000, European Communities (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Amendment) Regulations, 1994. on April 13, 1994.

Fishery (Amendment) Act of 2002

The Fishery (amendment) Act of 2002, sought to modify and extend the Fisheries (Amendment) Act of 1997; to confirm fees payable to the Minister for the Marine and Natural Resources in respect of certain fish culture and aquaculture licenses and for relative purposes.

It was originally dated as November 27, 2001.

Fishery (amendment) Act of 2003

A more detailed act followed in 2003, and sought to support the United Nations Agreement on the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on The Law of The Sea on December 10, 1982. This relates to the Conservation and Management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks; to provide for an independent appeals system in relative to the licensing of sea-fishing boats, to amend and extend the Foreshore Act of 1933, the Fisheries Acts 1959 to 2001 and the Merchant Shipping (Certification of Seamen) Act of 1979, and to provide for foregoing matters.

References

^ Bord Bia (March 2005). Agri-Food Sector - Factsheet Irish Food Board. Retrieved on 8 August 2006.

External links

Ireland Minerals

Ireland Economy 2000-2001.

More Info

Categories: Economy of Ireland | Geology of Ireland | Natural resourcesHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007 | Articles to be expanded from November 2007 | All articles to be expanded | Wikipedia expand-section box with explanation text | All pages needing cleanup | Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2010 | Articles needing cleanup from November 2007

Performance surface

China Product


Requirements

The sprung floor article deals with the standard requirements for dance or sports floors. However there are many differences between what would be the best floor for the various disciplines. Most of the customization depends on a choice of suitable performance surface.

The standards listed in the sprung floor article have sections which apply to the performance surface. The standards are applicable to both dance and sport. hook rugs

These differences are mainly in: seagrass rug

The optimum traction e.g. more for sport, less for ballroom dancing aubusson rug

The colour of the surface e.g. for theatre or basketball.

The sound e.g. for Irish stepdance, tap dance or ballet

The softness e.g. for ballet or basketball

The durability e.g. for a community hall or for a dance salon

A sprung floor with a hard surface provides protection from serious injuries rather than minor injuries. A fall can still cause bruises. A soft performance surface on the other hand can provide protection from minor injuries but not serious injuries. Providing sufficient protection from serious injury for adults using a thick performance surface alone would render it unsuitable for most dance or sport. This is because a performance surface is point elastic whereas area elasticity as provided by a sprung floor is mainly preferred.

Traction

In general dance requires less traction than gym. However a floor should not of itself be very slippery or sticky. DIN 18032 defines a range of traction which should suit most activities. These type floors should also be smooth, and a slide should not cause carpet burn. This means it is difficult to stop them becoming slippery when wet.

Most of the differences between the different disciplines can and should be catered for by the use of appropriate shoes. On the same surface a dance shoe with a leather or suede sole will give much less traction than a gym shoe with a composite rubber sole. A sticky floor used for gym is very likely to cause twisted ankles, and a slippery floor used for dancing is liable to cause bad falls.

Everyday footwear nowadays tends to have a higher traction. For occasions like weddings where the dancers may not have proper footwear a slightly slippier floor could compensate somewhat, but a highly polished floor can be very dangerous with leather soles. Both gyms and dance clubs are better off providing good safe floors and encouraging the use of proper footwear.

Performance surface construction

The performance surface is normally of vinyl or hardwood, engineered wood or laminate. For dance the surface may be replaceable so for instance a theatre can adapt easily to either ballet or tap dance, these are normally made of vinyl sheeting. Hardwood is however preferred for tap dance. Some sports have extra requirements like spike resistance or a standard ball bounce.

Roll-up vinyl sheeting normally consists of:

A thin top wear layer that also has UV light protection. Ultraviolet light rapidly degrades vinyl. This layer has to provide the proper traction and tends to be matte rather than shiny as for domestic vinyl.

A layer of vinyl which supports the wear layer. This also provides the main colour.

A woven fibre interlayer. This stops the floor deforming and also provides some area elasticity.

A bottom layer of foamed vinyl which provides the softness.

When rolled up the vinyl should not be bent sharply - it should be on rolls. When there are a number of different surfaces for a hall these can be kept on special storage carts which keep them separate rather than lying on each other.

What makes a good performance surface

A wood surface is ideal for social dancing if maintained properly and is also standard for many indoor sports. Engineered wood is normally used nowadays for wood flooring as it is less liable to warp or shrink and is more economic. Tap dance is especially punishing and a tough hardwood surface like oak or maple is preferred for any regular use.

Vinyl is a better choice for other types of dance or more general community use. The requirements for different types of dance are different but the differences can mostly be accommodated by changes in the dance surface. For instance Riverdance requires a harder surface that makes a sound, Swan Lake requires a softer surface because of the high jumps and possibility of falls. Ballroom dancing requires less traction than Scottish country dancing.

It used to be difficult to maintain a wood floor properly. However if the directions of the floor manufacturer are followed properly modern treatments will maintain a good surface. It is important not to just trust a commercial office cleaner to know how to do a good job, they should be instructed to follow the directions. There are no cheap and foolproof machines around for measuring traction which would enable cleaners to see their work conforms to dance or sports requirements. Thus there is a very strong inclination for managers or cleaners to go for other requirements e.g. a shiny surface or one that resists dirt better.

If a floor is occasionally used for public events, e.g. a gym hall used for a graduation ceremony, then a gym floor cover can be used to protect the floor and ease the normal requirements.

To maintain good traction it is important to stop the floor getting dirty or even slightly wet. A good floor cleaning regime and insisting on sports or dance shoes will help with this. The main protection though is to ensure the hall has industrial grade barrier matting at the entrance. The building should also have a floor grating at the entrance.

References

^ Entertainment Flooring Systems Frequently Asked Questions

^ Harlequin article on basic considerations for dance floors

^ UK Slip resistance group FAQ

^ National Tap Ensemble: Appropriate Flooring for Tap Dancers

^ British Sports Council: Floors for Indoor Sports. Design Guidance Note

^ Bona Sportive System A wood floor maintenance system supporting DIN 18032:2

^ Assessing the slip resistance of flooring

^ Ten Myths Concerning Slip-Resistance Measurement

Categories: Dance equipment | Dance and health | Floors | Sports equipment

Fearne Cotton

China Product


Biography

Cotton was born in Northwood, London to Lyn and Mick Cotton; she has a younger brother called Jamie. Her father was a sign writer for events such as Live Aid and her mother worked in alternative therapy. She grew up in the West London suburb of Eastcote and was educated at Haydon School in West London. She is a pescatarian and an animal lover. She runs 5 km at least three times a week and has participated in several half marathons for charity. Former BBC executive Sir Bill Cotton (19282008) was her paternal grandfather's cousin. He was the son of the well-known entertainer and band leader Billy Cotton

She began her presenting career in 1998, at the age of 17, with early morning GMTV children's programme The Disney Club, after she was discovered in a nationwide talent search during the show. demineralized water

Cotton studied art at A level, a skill she made much use of whilst presenting the series Draw Your Own Toons. She also enjoys body art and claimed on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross that she has eleven tattoos over her body, the most notable of which is a fern leaf, covering her right hip up to her rib cage. pool chlorinator

Cotton has been linked to several celebrities including Lostprophets frontman Ian Watkins, Fame Academy's Peter Brame, and Channel 4 presenter Steve Jones. She is best friends with fellow TV presenter Holly Willoughby, with whom she has co-presented several shows. Cotton and Sarah Cawood acted as two of the bridesmaids at Willoughby's wedding to Dan Baldwin on 4 August 2007. water softener reviews

Presenting career

UK children's TV

After being discovered by the The Disney Club in 1998, Fearne Cotton continued with the show and with its replacement Diggit. She left in 2000, to concentrate on her other projects with CITV, including Draw Your Own Toons and Mouse, aimed at encouraging children to use computers. Cotton joined CBBC in 2001 to present children's science programme Eureka TV. In 2002 she presented Finger Tips, an arts and crafts programme for children, with co-presenter Stephen Mulhern. She later co-presented on CBBC's Sunday morning show, Smile and on The Saturday Show.She has also made appearances in CBBC show 'Only in America' alongside with one of her best mates Reggie Yates.

UK mainstream TV and radio

In 2003 Cotton moved over to mainstream broadcasting. She and Simon Grant (her co-presenter from The Saturday Show) presented the spin-off show Top of the Pops: Saturday (later renamed Top of the Pops: Reloaded) that year. In 2004, she moved up to work alongside Reggie Yates on the main program, Top Of The Pops (the then flagship chartshow for BBC-TV) becoming one of the last regular presenters for that programme, which ended in July 2006. Due to other commitments, she was unable to present the final show itself, appearing instead in a short film shown at the head of that show, in which she made her personal farewells. Cotton and Yates presented the one-off Christmas and New Year specials in both 2008 and 2009, as well as the Comic Relief special in 2009.

Cotton has hosted many reality TV programs. In 2006 Cotton presented the second series of Love Island with Patrick Kielty on ITV, taking over from Kelly Brook. She also presented the Friday night live eviction programme that year for the Five reality TV series Make Me A Supermodel. In 2007, she took over from Ben Shephard as the host for the X Factor spin-off programme, The Xtra Factor on ITV2. She presented it for one series before resigning to work in America. Starting on 5 September 2007, Cotton hosted a dating programme, alongside Holly Willoughby, called Holly & Fearne Go Dating. In this programme they find dates for lonely singles.

Cotton has also presented many telethons. In July 2005 she presented Live 8 in Hyde Park. During the event, the British pop-star Robbie Williams flirted with her in front of the cameras, causing much speculation in the media at the time, but which was later repudiated by the pair. She has also hosted the BBC's annual telethon, Children in Need, alongside Terry Wogan and Natasha Kaplinsky, since 2005. In 2006, she designed the official BBC Children in Need t-shirt - featuring a henna style design of the charity's mascot, Pudsey Bear. In 2008, she hosted a Strictly Come Dancing special as part of Children in Need 2008.

She has hosted parts of the Red Nose Day telethon for Comic Relief (2005, 2007, and 2009) presenting several strands alongside Jonathan Ross and Lenny Henry. In 2009, she climbed Mount Kilimanjaro, alongside Ben Shephard, Gary Barlow, Alesha Dixon, Ronan Keating, Denise Van Outen and Chris Moyles, and Girls Aloud members Cheryl Cole and Kimberley Walsh. Cotton and others collapsed from altitude sickness during the five-day climb. She was in the first group (with Van Outen, Shephard and Cole) to reach the summit and helped raise 3.3m. Cotton filmed a video piece for Comic Relief about Malaria. She visited a children's Hospital in Uganda where she witnessed a young child in pain through Malaria. Cotton had to walk out the room and collapsed as she did so but was able to continue shortly after. The child died later. Cotton also recorded her voice for the BT Speaking Clock to raise funds for Comic Relief.

In September 2005 she joined BBC Radio 1, to present the Friday early morning slot with Reggie Yates, whom she had previously worked with on CBBC, Only in America and Top Of The Pops. Since 14 October 2007, Cotton and Yates have presented BBC Radio 1's Chart Show, taking over from JK & Joel, who had left the station. Cotton then became the first ever permanent female presenter of a BBC radio chart show. (Jo Whiley had preceded her as the first female presenter of The Official UK Top 40, as it was then called, but presented it only once, on November 24, 2002.)

Cotton has presented parts of the BBC's coverage of the Eurovision Song Contest. On 20 May 2006 she read the United Kingdom's votes at the Eurovision Song Contest 2006, held in Athens, Greece. On 17 March 2007 she, along with Terry Wogan, hosted Making Your Mind Up 2007, the show to decide which song the UK sent to the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 in Helsinki, Finland. On the night, after the final "sing-off" between the two remaining acts, Wogan and Cotton simultaneously announced different winners. Since Wogan was the more experienced presenter, it was assumed that he was right. In fact, Wogan had accidentally announced the wrong artist, Cyndi, as the winner. Cotton had to persist in repeating the correct name until the confusion was resolved. The group Scooch was quickly proclaimed as the correct winner but came only second from bottom in the main competition, just avoiding Nil Points. Cotton also presented the United Kingdom's votes at the show itself, held in Helsinki, Finland on 12 May 2007.

She has made many other TV appearances in the UK.

She also presented the Isle of Wight Festival 2009 on ITV2 alongside Rufus Hound. On 16 July, it was announced that Cotton would become the new presenter of BBC Radio 1's weekday mid-morning show, taking over from Jo Whiley. Her new programme began on 21 September 2009.

It was reported in the press on July 21, 2009, that whilst presenting the Radio 1 Chart Show two days previously Cotton had been the target of threatening text messages. These messages had been sent via the station's listener SMS service and seem to relate to Cotton taking over Jo Whiley's show. Cotton was driven home after the show by police escort and a 21 year old male was arrested and charged with harassment.

US mainstream TV

In 2008, Cotton moved over to the USA to host The Guinness Book of Records - Live. Cotton later co-hosted the NBC reality show Last Comic Standing. She resigned her presenting role on The X Factor spin-off The Xtra Factor to concentrate on her US career, and was replaced in that role by her friend Holly Willoughby. Cotton was also seen making a special appearance on the show of recent divorcees Katie Price and Peter Andre, where she was seen in a gift lounge before the Oscars.

TV appearances

Diggit (19982001)

The Saturday Show (20022003)

Smile (20022004)

Serious... (narrator, 2002)

Comic Relief Does Fame Academy (2003)

Top of the Pops: Saturday/Top of the Pops: Reloaded (20032005)

Top of the Pops (2004-)

Red Nose Day (2005-)

Live8 (2005)

Children in Need (20052008)

Never Mind The Buzzcocks (2005 & 2009)

Eurovision Song Contest (2006 & 2007)

Love Island (2006)

Only in America (2006)

Make Me A Supermodel (2006-)

Brit Awards (2007)

Oscars (2007)

Making Your Mind Up (2007)

Concert for Diana (2007)

The Xtra Factor (2007)

Holly & Fearne Go Dating (2007)

Last Comic Standing (2008)

Nelson Mandela: Happy 90th Birthday (2008)

Guilty Pleasures (2008)

Everybody Dance Now! (2008)

Celebrity Juice (2008 & 2009)

Guinness World Records Smashed (2008)

Only in America (2009)

2009 BRIT Awards (2009)

2009 Golden Globes (2009)

Baftas 2009 (2009)

Oscars 2009 (2009)

The Truth about Online Anorexia (2009)

Isle of Wight Festival 2009

iTunes Live Festival 2009

Fearne and.... (2009)

2010 BRIT Awards (2010)

References

^ "Fearne Cotton: I'd have gone for Prince William if I was single". The Mail Online. 2007-08-18. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-474542/Fearne-Herbert-Cotton-Id-gone-Prince-William-I-single.html. Retrieved 2009-03-14. 

^ "The 5-Minute Interview: Fearne Cotton, TV presenter". The Independent. 2007-02-21. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/the-5minute-interview-fearne-cotton-tv-presenter-437159.html. Retrieved 2008-12-22. 

^ Revealed in The Truth about Anorexia shown on ITV1 9 April 2009

^ "Run, walk or jog the adidas Women 5K Challenge". healthandfitnessonline.co.uk. 2008-07-16. http://www.healthandfitnessonline.co.uk/?p=106. Retrieved 2009-04-09. 

^ "Fearne Cotton: Biography". TV.com. http://www.tv.com/fearne-cotton/person/186944/biography.html. Retrieved 2009-03-14. 

^ "TV Fearne Cottoning on to art". Daily Mirror. 2006-01-23. http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2006/01/23/tv-fearne-cottoning-on-to-art-115875-16616244/. Retrieved 2008-12-22. 

^ "Fearne Cotton: 'I'm a tattoo addict'". Digital Spy. 2008-07-07. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/a108266/fearne-cotton-im-a-tattoo-addict.html?imdb/. Retrieved 2008-12-22. 

^ a b c "Exclusive: Fearne Cotton on her Rock 'n' Roll loves". Daily Mirror. 2005-07-07. http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2005/07/07/exclusive-fearne-cotton-on-her-rock-n-roll-loves-115875-15707986/. Retrieved 2008-12-22. 

^ "Fearne Cotton and Steve Jones split up". Daily Mirror. 2008-11-11. http://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/3am/2008/11/11/fearne-cotton-and-steve-jones-split-up-115875-20885043/. Retrieved 2008-12-22. 

^ "Exclusive: Fearne Cotton and Holly Willoughby on men and marriage". Daily Mirror. 2006-08-14. http://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/latest/2008/08/14/exclusive-fearne-cotton-and-holly-willoughby-on-men-and-marriage-115875-20696256/. Retrieved 2008-12-22. 

^ Sarah Dale (2007-09-24). "'I do' followed by a bit of a do". Evening Gazette. http://www.gazettelive.co.uk/lifestyle/wedding-ideas/2007/09/24/i-do-followed-by-a-bit-of-a-do-84229-19839851/. Retrieved 2008-12-22. 

^ "Gone but not forCotton". The Sun. 2008-02-06. http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/tv/x_factor/article767026.ece. Retrieved 2008-12-22. 

^ "Children in Need: 100 per cent Cotton!". BBC.co.uk. 2009-09-17. http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/09_september/17/cotton.shtml. Retrieved 2008-12-23. 

^ "Celebrity climbers reach summit". BBC.co.uk. 2009-03-07. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7929859.stmaccess. Retrieved 2009-03-13. 

^ "New voices on the BT speaking clock celebrities give the time of day to Comic Relief". BT press releases. 2009-03-03. http://www.btplc.com/News/Articles/Showarticle.cfm?ArticleID=a3eaee06-b2bc-417d-8cad-082856aba86e. Retrieved 2009-03-13. 

^ "TV presenter Cotton joins Radio 1". BBC News. 2005-08-10. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/4137950.stm. Retrieved 2007-04-09. 

^ "All Change At Radio 1". BBC Radio 1. 2007-09-06. http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/schedule/oct2007.shtml. Retrieved 2007-09-06. 

^ Barry Viniker (2007-02-24). "UK Presenters announced". esctoday.com. http://www.esctoday.com/news/read/7812?PHPSESSID=16d1763abffee8355cd24c965f96528c. Retrieved 2007-04-09. 

^ "Eurovision gaffe 'not technical'". BBC News. 2007-03-19. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6465653.stm. Retrieved 2007-04-09. 

^ "Scooch fail to fly Eurovision Flag l'". Daily Express. 2007-05-12. https://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/6838/Scooch-fail-to-fly-Eurovision-flag. Retrieved 2008-12-23. 

^ Kadri, Anisa (16 July 2009). "Cotton to replace Whiley on Radio 1". Digital Spy. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/broadcasting/a165452/cotton-to-replace-whiley-on-radio-1.html. Retrieved 20 July 2009. 

^ "Radio 1 bosses replace Jo Whiley, 44, with Fearne Cotton, 27, in prized weekday slot". Mail Online. 16 July 2009. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1200107/Jo-Whiley-dropped-Radio-1-weekday-slot-replaced-Fearne-Cotton.html. Retrieved 16 July 2009. 

^ Plunkett, John (16 July 2009). "Jo Whiley and Edith Bowman lose weekday BBC Radio 1 slots". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2009/jul/16/bbc-radio-1-jo-whiley-edith-bowman-fearne-cotton-greg-james. Retrieved 16 July 2009. 

^ "Radio 1 DJ Fearne Cotton escorted home by police after receiving death threat texts". MailOnline. 21 July 2009. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1201070/Man-warned-police-sending-Fearne-Cotton-death-threats.html. Retrieved 3 Octaber 2009. 

^ "Fearne's Leaving Us". Sky News. 2008-01-23. http://showbiz.sky.com/showbiz/article/0,,50001-1301929,00.html. Retrieved 2008-01-23. 

^ "Cotton quits 'X Factor' role for US". Digital Spy. 2008-02-06. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/xfactor/a88719/cotton-quits-x-factor-role-for-us.html. Retrieved 2008-02-10. 

External links

Official website

Fearne and Reggie at bbc.co.uk/radio1

Fearne Cotton at itv.com/xfactor

Fearne Cotton at the Internet Movie Database

Fearne Cotton at MySpace

Post Pals (of which Fearne is the patron)

Preceded by

Ben Shephard

Host of The Xtra Factor

2007

Succeeded by

Holly Willoughby

Media offices

Preceded by

JK & Joel

BBC Radio One

Chart Show Presenter

w/Reggie Yates

2007 -

Succeeded by

Incumbent

Preceded by

Jo Whiley

BBC Radio One

Mid-Morning Show Presenter

2009 -

Succeeded by

Incumbent

v  d  e

BBC Radio 1

DJs

Nihal Arthanayake  Edith Bowman  Daniel P. Carter  Mark Chapman  Fearne Cotton  Sara Cox  Rob da Bank  Mike Davies  Bethan Elfyn  Fabio  Vic Galloway  Dev  Nick Grimshaw  Grooverider  Mary Anne Hobbs  MistaJam  Greg James  Aled Jones  Judge Jules  Vernon Kay  Kissy Sell Out  Kutski  Ras Kwame  Zane Lowe  Annie Mac  Rory McConnell  Scott Mills  Chris Moyles  Trevor Nelson  Annie Nightingale  Gilles Peterson  Huw Stephens  Pete Tong  Dave Vitty  Tim Westwood  Jo Whiley  Reggie Yates

Other contributors

Dominic Byrne  Carrie Davis  Aled Jones  James King

Controllers

Matthew Bannister  Johnny Beerling  Derek Chinnery  Charles McLelland  Douglas Muggeridge  Andy Parfitt  Robin Scott

Shows

Chappers and Dave  Essential Selection  Essential Mix  Newsbeat  The Chris Moyles Show  The Scott Mills Show  The Sunday Surgery  The Fearne Cotton Show

Related articles

BBC Radio  BBC Radio 1 Playlist  Radio 1 Podcasts  Radio 1's Big Weekend  Live Lounge (Radio 1's Live Lounge   Volume 2   Volume 3   Volume 4   List of covers)  Yalding House   BBC Introducing

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The X Factor UK

Series

Main: 1  2  3  4  5  6

Celebrity: Battle of the Stars

Presenters

Dermot O'Leary  Holly Willoughby

Former: Kate Thornton  Fearne Cotton  Ben Shephard

Judges

Simon Cowell  Dannii Minogue  Louis Walsh  Cheryl Cole

Former: Sharon Osbourne  Brian Friedman  Paula Abdul

Winners

Main series: Steve Brookstein  Shayne Ward  Leona Lewis  Leon Jackson  Alexandra Burke  Joe McElderry

Celebrity series: Lucy Benjamin

Related singles

Winner's singles: "Against All Odds"  "That's My Goal"  "A Moment Like This"  "When You Believe"  "Hallelujah  "The Climb"

Charity singles: "Hero"  "You Are Not Alone"

Related articles

List of finalists (Series 5  6)  List of music releases  Controversy and criticism  Syco TV  Fremantlemedia  talkbackTHAMES

v  d  e

Strictly Come Dancing

Series

1  2  3   4  5  6  7

Hosts

Bruce Forsyth Tess Daly Claudia Winkleman Natasha Kaplinsky (2004) Justin Lee Collins (2004) Ronnie Corbett (2009) Fearne Cotton (Children in Need Special, 2008)

Participants

List of participants

Judges

Craig Revel Horwood Alesha Dixon (2009resent) Len Goodman Bruno Tonioli Darcey Bussell (guest judge, 2009resent) Arlene Phillips (200408)

Celebrity winners

Natasha Kaplinsky Jill Halfpenny Darren Gough Mark Ramprakash Alesha Dixon Tom Chambers Chris Hollins

Professional winners

Brendan Cole Darren Bennett Lilia Kopylova Karen Hardy Matthew Cutler Camilla Dallerup Ola Jordan

Celebrity runners-up

Christopher Parker Denise Lewis Colin Jackson Matt Dawson Matt Di Angelo Rachel Stevens Ricky Whittle

Professional runners-up

Hanna Karttunen Ian Waite Erin Boag Lilia Kopylova Flavia Cacace Vincent Simone Natalie Lowe

Specials winners

David Seaman (Strictly Ice Dancing) Robbie Earle (Strictly African Dancing) Kara Tointon (Sport Relief, 2008) Tess Daly (Children in Need Special, 2008)

Specials runners-up

Jessica Taylor (Strictly Ice Dancing) Antonia Okonma (Strictly African Dancing) Elaine Paige (Sport Relief, 2008) Terry Wogan (Children in Need Special, 2008)

Related

Portal It Takes Two Dancing with the Stars (US version) Dancing with the Stars (International versions)

v  d  e

Last Comic Standing

Seasons

1  2  3  4  5  6

Hosts

Jay Mohr (2003-2004)  Anthony Clark (2006)  Bill Bellamy (2007-2008)  Fearne Cotton (2008)  Craig Robinson (2010-present)

Winners

Dat Phan  John Heffron  Alonzo Bodden  Josh Blue  Jon Reep  Iliza Shlesinger

Categories: The X Factor | 1981 births | American television personalities | British radio DJs | British radio personalities | British television presenters | The X Factor hosts | Living people | Top of the Pops | English vegetarians | Fame Academy participants | People from NorthwoodHidden categories: Articles with hCards

Deadlift

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Overview

The deadlift is a compound movement that works grip strength, and the primary muscles used in the deadlift are the erector spinae, the gluteus maximus, adductor magnus, hamstrings, quadriceps, and the soleus. The remaining muscles are involved in stability control. It is, in a sense, the purest single event test of strength because it is one of the few lifts of dead weight (weight lying on the ground). In most other lifts there is an eccentric (lowering the weight) phase followed by the concentric (lifting the weight) phase, the deadlift is just a concentric movement.

World record pool filter supply

The record for the tire deadlift (in which hummer tires are used in place of plates) under Strongman rules where lifting straps are allowed is 498.9 kg (1100 lbs) by Benedikt Magnsson. pottery kiln

The record for an equipped deadlift (a deadlift performed using a deadlift suit using a standard bar and plates) is 457.5 kg (1009 lbs) by Andy Bolton. autotek

The record for a raw deadlift (a deadlift performed without the aid of a deadlift suit) is 426 kg (939 lbs) by Konstantin Konstantinovs.

Muscles involved

Torso

Front

Abdomen

Rectus abdominis (under aponeurosis)

Obliques

Abdominal external oblique muscle

Back

Iliocostalis

Intertransversarii laterales lumborum

Latissimus dorsi

Levator scapulae

Longissimus

Quadratus lumborum

Rhomboideus major

Serratus posterior superior

Serratus posterior inferior

Splenius cervicis

Teres Major

Trapezius muscle

Legs

Quadriceps

Rectus femoris

Vastus lateralis

Vastus intermedius

Vastus medialis

Hamstrings

Biceps femoris muscle, long head

Biceps femoris muscle, short head

Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

Hips

Gluteal muscles

Gluteus maximus

Gluteus minimus

Piriformis

Superior gemellus

Forearms

Flexor digitorum profundus

Variations

The Romanian deadlift is commonly used by Olympic Weightlifters.[citation needed] This variation puts more emphasis on the hamstrings, glutes and back. It is performed standing with barbell held in front of you with knees unlocked and letting the weight descend until knee level while bending at the hip and keeping the back straight. The movement is initiated by pushing the hips back and returned by contracting the hamstrings and glutes.

The Sumo deadlift is a variation of the deadlift whereby the legs are spread far apart to the sides (arms reaching down inside of legs), mimicking a sumo stance, hence the name. This variation changes the emphasis of the lift to the legs and glutes instead of the back. The sumo deadlift is purported to be easier for those with large waists as well as those with relatively long torsos and shorter arms. However, the sumo technique may place greater stress on the hips and hamstrings, as well as the connective tissues of the pelvic bone.

Deadlifts can be performed using dumbbells or barbells, with one hand or two hands & with one leg or two legs. Variations are only limited by the athlete's imagination. Other variations are the side deadlift or suitcase deadlift, deadlift from a box, rack pulls, deadlift lockouts, and "Kuck pulls"

The archaic "dead weight lift", or "dead weight lift with lifting bar" involved a T-bar with weight loaded on it while the lifter stood on sturdy chairs or other such platforms.[citation needed] A remarkably heavy amount of weight could be lifted in this manner due to its short range of motion; the main limitations are in the grip. This lift is similar to the modern day rack pulls, where a heavy amount of weight is lifted deadlift style a short distance in a power cage or squat rack.

Typically, there are two grips used: overhand, or pronated, and a mixed overhand-underhand (supinated) (sometimes called "offset," "staggered," "alternating", or "mixed") grip. Dependent on forearm strength, the overhand grip may result in the bar potentially rolling about. Some argue the mixed grip is capable of neutralizing this through the "physics of reverse torsion." The mixed grip also allows more weight to be used for this reason.

In order to prevent the bar from rolling out of the hands, some lifters have been known to use an Olympic lifting technique known as the "hook" grip. This is similar to an overhand grip, but the thumbs are inside, allowing the lifter to "hook" onto them with the fingers. The hook grip can make it easier to hold heavier weights using less grip strength, and keeps both shoulders and elbows in a symmetrical position. While it theoretically takes much of the stress off of the joints which might be created by the twisting of a mixed grip it has the disadvantage of being extremely uncomfortable for the thumbs, something which those who advocate it says will pass once a lifter becomes accustomed to it. Another, but rarely used method is a combination of the mixed overhand-underhand grip and the hook grip, preferred by people who lift heavier weights than their grip can handle, but who don't want to rely on lifting straps or other supportive gear.

You will find that many powerlifters adopt the overhand grip for their lower weight sets and move to the mixed grip to lift larger weights so they can achieve their one rep max.

The trapbar deadlift is a variation of the deadlift using a special U-shaped bar (a trapbar). This allows more clearance for the knees to pass "through" the bar. To perform the trapbar deadlift, one loads the bar, steps inside the hollow portion of the bar, bends down, grasps the handles, stands erect, then lowers the bar to the ground in the exact opposite path. Proponents of trapbar deadlifts include Hardgainer Magazine, Bob Whelan, the Cyberpump website, and Dr Ken Leistner and iron-game writer Paul Kelso.

Dangers

This section does not cite any references or sources.

Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2008)

Bad deadlift form can cause spinal cord injuries like lumbago and sciatica

Improper form (not maintaining a neutral spine) can precipitate new conditions, aggravate existing ones, and possibly cause injury, especially the heavier the weight one lifts. Failure to maintain neutral spine, primary job of the back muscles, during the movement causes undue stress to the spinal discs, by pinching the front and leaving a gap at the back, forcing the internal fluids to compress towards the back, and potentially causing a herniated disc. This is especially true of the lumbar region of the spine, which bears the bulk of the compressive forces on the upper body.[citation needed]

In addition, the compression can squeeze the spinal roots of the spinal cord, causing nerve-conditions like lumbago or sciatica.

It is important that those executing a deadlift be proficient in the recruitment (voluntary activation) of the deep abdominal and trunk muscles. In particular, it has been suggested that recruiting the transversus abdominus muscle provides a natural corset-like brace around the trunk, helping to protect against injury. A good method to help achieve this and avoid lower back injuries is to keep the abdominals braced using the Valsalva maneuver.[citation needed] This will build anterior support for the spine. However, as a cautionary note, this technique can drastically increase blood pressure during the exercise and should not be performed by people with known or suspected heart conditions.

Some weightlifters use special belts to keep their lower back stabilized. Whether or not these belts actually prevent injuries is debated[citation needed] but evidence shows using the belt moves the concentration of pressure within the abdomen towards the anterior, taking pressure off of the spine.[citation needed]

Using an underhand grip is potentially hazardous on heavy deadlifts as a supinated grip shortens the biceps muscle and increases the load on it, possibly leading to a rupture of the muscle or connecting tendons. The risk is most notable in individuals without full flexibility in the elbow joint.[citation needed] However, using an over-under grip allows one to lift more weight due to the reduced chance of the weight falling out of one's hands.

References

Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2009)

^ Soong, Michael: "Men's Superheavyweight Weight Class Top 20", "Powerlifting Watch", Retrieved: 2009-06-20

^ Konstantin Konstantinovs Pulls 939 Lbs Raw

^ "Romanian Deadlift", Core Performance", Retrieved on 2009-06-20

^ Tsatsouline, Pavel: "Power to the People", Retrieved: 2009-08-23

Further reading

Mark Rippetoe with Lon Kilgore, Starting Strength, The Aasgaard Company Publishers, 2005, ISBN 0-9768-0540-5

Frdric Delavier, Strength Training Anatomy, Human Kinetics, 2001, ISBN 0-7360-4185-0

External links

Benedikt Magnusson breaking the record under WPO powerlifting rules

Andy Bolton breaks the Olympic World Record

Deadlift animation

Stiff Leg Deadlift Tutorial

Deadlift Execution

Romanian Deadlift - Core Performance

Database & Rankings of Best French Deadlifters - Club150

v  d  e

Strength training exercises

Quadriceps (front of legs)

Squat (compound)  Leg press (compound)  Lunge (compound)  Leg raise (compound)  Leg extension (isolation)

Hamstrings (back of legs)

Deadlift (compound)  Leg curl (isolation)

Calves

Calf raise (isolation)

Pectorals (chest)

Bench press (compound)  Fly (isolation)  Machine fly (isolation)  Press-up/Push-up (compound)  Pullover (isolation)

Lats and trapezius (upper back)

Bent-over row (compound)  Chin-up (compound)  Pulldown (compound)  Pullup (compound)  Shoulder shrug (isolation)

Deltoids (shoulders)

Front raise (isolation)  Handstand push-up (compound)  Lateral raise (isolation)  Military press (compound)  Shoulder press (compound)  Upright row (compound)  Rear delt raise (isolation)

Triceps (back of arms)

Dip (compound)  Pushdown (isolation)  Triceps extension (isolation)

Biceps (front of arms)

Biceps curl (isolation)

Abdomen and obliques (belly)

Crunch (isolation)  Sit-up (isolation)  Leg raise (compound)  (any rotational movement will engage the obliques)

Lower back

Back extension (isolation)  Deadlift (compound)  Good-morning (compound)  Hyperextension

See also: Bodyweight exercise  Weight training  List of weight training exercises  Bodybuilding

Categories: Powerlifting | Weight training exercisesHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 | Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008 | Articles needing additional references from October 2008 | All articles needing additional references | Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008 | Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 | Articles needing additional references from June 2009

Resident Evil

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Game history

Resident Evil made its 1996 debut on the Sony PlayStation and later on the Sega Saturn. It was a critical and commercial success, leading to the production of two sequels, Resident Evil 2 in 1998 and Resident Evil 3: Nemesis in 1999, both for the PlayStation. A port of Resident Evil 2 was released for the Nintendo 64. In addition, ports of all three were released for Windows. The fourth game in the series, Resident Evil Code: Veronica, was developed for the Sega Dreamcast and released in 2000, followed by ports of 2 and 3. Resident Evil Code: Veronica was later re-released for Dreamcast in updated form as Code: Veronica Complete, which included slight changes, many of which revolved around the story cutscenes. Code: Veronica was later ported to PlayStation 2 and Nintendo GameCube under the title Code: Veronica X.

Despite earlier announcements that the next game in the series would be released for the PlayStation 2, which resulted in the creation of an unrelated game titled Devil May Cry, series' creator and producer Shinji Mikami decided to make the series exclusively for the Nintendo GameCube. The next three games in the series: a remake of the original Resident Evil and the prequel Resident Evil Zero both released in 2002 as well as the GameCube exclusive Resident Evil 4, which later released for Windows, PS2 and Wii. In addition, the GameCube received ports of the previous Resident Evil sequels. Despite this exclusivity agreement between Capcom and Nintendo, Capcom released several Resident Evil titles for the PS2 that were not considered direct sequels. inflatable tub

A trilogy of GunCon-compatible light gun games known as the Gun Survivor series featured first person gameplay. The first, Resident Evil: Survivor, was released in 2000 for the PlayStation and PC, but received mediocre reviews. The subsequent games, Resident Evil: Survivor 2 Code: Veronica and Resident Evil: Dead Aim, fared somewhat better. Dead Aim is actually the fourth Gun Survivor game in Japan, with Gun Survivor 3 being the Dino Crisis spin-off Dino Stalker. In a similar vein, the Chronicles series features first person gameplay, albeit on an on-rails path. Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles was released in 2007 for the Wii, with a follow up, Resident Evil: The Darkside Chronicles released in 2009. inflatable sofa

Resident Evil Outbreak is an online game for the PS2, released in 2003, depicting a series of episodic storylines in Raccoon City set during the same time period as Resident Evil 2 and 3. It was followed by a sequel, Resident Evil Outbreak: File 2. christmas inflatables

Resident Evil Gaiden is an action-adventure game for the Game Boy Color featuring an RPG-style combat system. Also, a Resident Evil-themed pinball game was released on Game Boy Color. It featured boards with characters, settings, and monsters from the game. There have also been several downloadable mobile games based on the Resident Evil series in Japan. Some of these mobile games have been released in North America and Europe through T-Mobile. It has also been announced at the Sony press conference during E3 2009 that a Resident Evil title will be heading to the PlayStation Portable, entitled Resident Evil Portable.

Main series

This section needs additional citations for verification.

Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2009)

Title

Year Released

Year Takes Place

Original Platforms

Ported/Remake Platforms

Resident Evil

1996

1998

PlayStation

PC, Sega Saturn, GameCube, Nintendo DS, PSP, Wii

Resident Evil 2

1998

1998

PlayStation

PC, Game.com, Nintendo 64, Dreamcast, GameCube, PSP

Resident Evil 3: Nemesis

1999

1998

PlayStation

PC, Dreamcast, GameCube, PSP

Resident Evil Code: Veronica

2000

1998

Dreamcast

PlayStation 2, GameCube

Resident Evil Zero

2002

1998

GameCube

Wii

Resident Evil 4

2005

2004

GameCube

PC, Wii, PlayStation 2, Mobile Phone, iPhone OS, Zeebo

Resident Evil 5

2009

2009

PlayStation 3, Xbox 360

PC

Future

Resident Evil 5 producer Jun Takeuchi said in an interview with 1UP.com that Resident Evil 6 could be a complete reboot. Capcom has not decided whether they will make a sixth game yet, but has stated if they do, it could take anywhere between four to eight years to make. Capcom has also announced they are working on an original Resident Evil title for the PSP, title "Resident Evil Portable" and adding more Resident Evil titles to the Wii.

Survivor series

Title

Year Released

Year Takes Place

Original Platforms

Ported/Remake Platforms

Resident Evil: Survivor

2000

1998

PlayStation

PC (China only)

Resident Evil: Survivor 2 Code: Veronica

2001

1998

Arcade

PlayStation 2

Resident Evil: Dead Aim

2003

2002

PlayStation 2

None

Chronicles series

Title

Year Released

Year Takes Place

Original Platforms

Ported/Remake Platforms

Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles

2007

1998, 2003

Wii

None

Resident Evil: The Darkside Chronicles

2009

1998, 2002

Wii

None

Outbreak series

Title

Year Released

Original Platforms

Ported/Remake Platforms

Resident Evil Outbreak

2003

PlayStation 2

None

Resident Evil Outbreak File #2

2004

PlayStation 2

None

Portable games

Title

Year Released

Original Platforms

Ported/Remake Platforms

Resident Evil Gaiden

2001

Game Boy Color

None

Resident Evil: The Missions

2005

Mobile Phone

None

Biohazard: The Stories

2005

Mobile Phone

None

Resident Evil: Confidential Report

2006

Mobile Phone

None

Biohazard: The Episodes

2006

Mobile Phone

None

Resident Evil: Deadly Silence

2006

Nintendo DS

None

Biohazard: The Operations

2007

Mobile Phone

None

Resident Evil: Genesis

2008

Mobile Phone

None

Resident Evil: Degeneration

2008

Mobile Phone

iPhone OS N-Gage 2.0

Resident Evil: Uprising

2009

Mobile Phone

None

Resident Evil 4

2009

Mobile Phone

iPhone OS

Resident Evil Portable

TBA 2010

PlayStation Portable

None

Related media

In addition to video games, the plot of Resident Evil has also been adapted into officially licensed materials such as films, comic books, and novels.

Novels

The earliest Resident Evil novel was a novella titled Biohazard: The Beginning by Hiroyuki Ariga. It was published in 1997 as a portion of the book The True Story of Biohazard, which was given away as a pre-order bonus with the Saturn version of Biohazard. The story serves as a prelude to the events of the original Resident Evil, in which Chris investigates the disappearance of his missing friend, Billy Rabbitson.

S. D. Perry has written novelizations of the first five games, as well as two original novels taking place between games. Her seven titles are:

The Umbrella Conspiracy, a novelization of the first game.

Caliban Cove, an original novel set after the first game.

City of the Dead, a novelization of Resident Evil 2.

Underworld, another original novel set after Resident Evil 2

Nemesis, a novelization of the third installment of the franchise.

Code: Veronica, a novelization of the homonymous game.

Zero Hour, a novelization of the prequel game.

The novels often took liberties with the plot of the games by exploring events occurring outside and beyond the games. This often meant that the games would later contradict the novels by taking the story to a different direction. One notable addition from the novels is the original character Trent, who often served as a mysterious behind-the-scenes string-puller who aided the main characters. Perry's novels were translated and released in Japan with new cover arts by Wolfina. Perry's novels, particularly The Umbrella Conspiracy, also alluded to events in Biohazard: The Beginning, such as the disappearance of Billy Rabbitson and Brian Irons' bid to run for Mayor.

There was also a trilogy of original Biohazard novels in Japan. Hokkai no Yj (?, lit. "The Beast of the Northern Seas") was published in 1998 and was written by Ky Asakura and the staff of Flagship. Two additional novels were published in 2002, To the Liberty by Suien Kimura and Rose Blank by Tadashi Aizawa. While no official English translation of these novels has been published yet, the last two books were translated into German and published in 2006.

Novelizations of the three films, titled Genesis, Apocalypse, and Extinction were written by Keith R.A. DeCandido. Extinction, the novel, was released in late July 2007, several months before the film's release. There was also a Japanese novelization of the first film, unrelated to DeCandido's version, written by Osamu Makino.

Comics

In April 1996, Marvel comics released Resident Evil #1, a free comic, through a Capcom giveaway when the first game was released. It was based on Capcom's game, with art from Bill Sienkiewicz on the cover.

In 1998, Wildstorm began producing a monthly comic book series based on the first two games titled Resident Evil: The Official Comic Magazine, which lasted five issues. The first four issues were published by Image, while the fifth and final issue was published by Wildstorm themselves. Each issue was a compilation of short stories that were both adaptations of events from the games, as well as related side-stories. Like the Perry novels, the comics also explored events occurring beyond Resident Evil 2 (the latest game during the series' publication) and thus were contradicted by later games.

Wildstorm also published a four-issue miniseries titled Resident Evil: Fire & Ice, which depicted the ordeal of Charlie Team, a third STARS team created specifically for the comic. In 2009, Wildstorm reprinted Fire & Ice in a graphic novel collection.

In Hong Kong, there has been officially licensed Biohazard manhua adaptations of Biohazard 3 and Code: Veronica by Lee Chung Hing. The latter was translated into English and published by Wildstorm as a series of four graphic novel collections.

In 2009, Wildstorm began publishing a comic book prequel to Resident Evil 5, simply titled Resident Evil, which centers around two original members of the BSAA named Mina Gere and Holiday Sugarman. Written by Ricardo Sanchez and illustrated by Kevin Sharpe and Jim Clark, the first issue was published on March 11, 2009. On November 11, 2009, the third issue was released with the fourth scheduled for March 24, 2010.

Merchandise

Over the years, various toy companies have acquired the Resident Evil license and each producing their own unique line of Resident Evil action figures or models. These include, but not limited to, Toy Biz, Palisade Toys and Moby Dick (in Japan only). NECA and Hot Toys currently holds a license. Originally the company was only producing figures based on Resident Evil 4, but extended the line to include characters from previous installments. Tokyo Marui also produced replicas of the guns used in the Resident Evil series in the form of gas blow-back airsoft guns. Some models included the STARS Beretta featured in Resident Evil 3, and the Desert Eagle in a limited edition that came with other memorabilia in a wooden case, along with the Gold Lugers from Code: Veronica and the "Samurai Edge" pistol from the Resident Evil remake. Other merchandise includes an energy drink called "T-Virus Antidote". The most recently released merchandise is a set of three action figures: Chris Redfield and Sheva Alomar, and the Executioner Manjini, a mini-boss in Resident Evil 5.

Sourcebooks

Resident Evil Archives is a reference guide of the Resident Evil series written by staff members of Capcom. It was translated into English and published by BradyGuides. The guide describes and summarizes all of the key events that occur in Resident Evil Zero, Resident Evil, Resident Evil 2, Resident Evil 3, and Code: Veronica. Along with the main plot analysis, it also contains character relationship charts, artwork, item descriptions and file transcripts for all five games. While one of the few video game-based reference guides that was translated into English, the translation was criticized by fans for inconsistencies with the original Japanese version[citation needed], as well as inconsistencies in the official translations provided by the games themselves[citation needed].

Reception

Using horror elements, puzzle solving, and a lot of action, most of the games in the main Resident Evil series have been released to positive reviews. Many of the games, most notably Resident Evil 2 and Resident Evil 4, have been bestowed with multiple Game of the Year honors and frequently placed on lists of the best games ever made. A common criticism of the series is its odd placement of puzzles. When speaking of Code: Veronica, one critic wrote that the game is "still largely a puzzle-driven (as opposed to plot driven) experience." Capcom has been commended, however, for making an attempt to phase out and better integrate the puzzles, with IGN writing that the puzzles of Resident Evil 4 are "not so obscure that they can't be figured out, and indeed many of them are downright clever."

The success of the Resident Evil series has resulted in Guinness World Records awarding the series eight world records in the Guinness World Records: Gamer's Edition 2008. These records include Most Live-Action Movie Sequels, Action-Adventure Game with the Most Novelizations, and the dubious honor of Worst Game Dialogue Ever for the line "Here's a lockpick. It might be handy if you, the master of unlocking, take it with you". The 2009 Gamer's Edition noted the series alongside other long running franchises for its impact and legacy. The Resident Evil series also rank #7 on Gametrailers' Top 10 Best Video Game Franchise.

Title

Console

IGN (Out of 10)

Gamespot (Out of 10)

Metacritic (Out of 100)

Gamerankings (Out of 100%)

Resident Evil 0

GameCube

8.2

8.0

83

83.99%

Resident Evil

PlayStation

8.7

8.2

91

89.95%

Resident Evil: Director's Cut

PlayStation

8.9

6.9

N/A

74.29%

Resident Evil

GameCube

9.0

8.9

91

89.82%

Resident Evil 2

PlayStation

9.3

8.9

89

92.43%

Resident Evil 3: Nemesis

PlayStation

9.4

8.8

N/A

88.32%

Resident Evil Code: Veronica

DreamCast

9.2

9.5

N/A

93.61%

Resident Evil Code: Veronica X

PlayStation 2

6.5

9.0

84

82.12%

Resident Evil 4

GameCube

9.8

9.6

96

95.67%

Resident Evil 4

PlayStation 2

9.5

9.3

96

95.67%

Resident Evil 4 Wii Edition

Wii

9.0

9.1

91

91.24%

Resident Evil 5

PlayStation 3

9.0

8.5

86

86.92%

Resident Evil 5

Xbox 360

9.0

8.5

85

85.92%

Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles

Wii

8.0

7.0

75

75.39%

Resident Evil: Outbreak

PlayStation 2

7.6

7.2

71

70.78%

Resident Evil: Outbreak File #2

PlayStation 2

6.5

6.6

58

62.41%

Sales

Sales per single title as of March 31, 2009.

Title

Year

Platform

Sales (in millions)

Resident Evil 5

2009

PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 , PC

5

Resident Evil 2

1998

PlayStation

4.96

Resident Evil 3: Nemesis

1999

PlayStation

17.5

Resident Evil

1996

PlayStation

89.75

Resident Evil 4

2005

PlayStation 2

1.1

Resident Evil 4

2005

GameCube

1.6

Resident Evil 4 Wii Edition

2007

Wii

1.6

Resident Evil: Outbreak

2003

PlayStation 2

1.45

Resident Evil Code Veronica X

2001

PlayStation 2

1.4

Resident Evil

2002

GameCube

99.35

Resident Evil Zero

2002

GameCube

99.25

Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles

2007

Wii

88.2

Resident Evil DC Dual Shock

1998

PlayStation

1.2

Resident Evil Code: Veronica

2000

Dreamcast

1.14

Resident Evil Director's Cut

1997

PlayStation

1.13

Total title sales as of July, 2009.

Title

Sales (in millions)

Resident Evil

6.43

Resident Evil 4

5.3

Resident Evil 5

5.2

Resident Evil 2

4.96

Resident Evil 3: Nemesis

3.5

Resident Evil Code: Veronica

3

Resident Evil: Outbreak

1.45

Resident Evil Zero

1.25

Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles

1.2

In other games

Due to Resident Evil's popularity, Capcom has incorporated references to the series and even actual crossovers with the characters in some of their other titles. Other companies, such as SNK Playmore and Namco, have also incorporated references to the series.

Pocket Fighter (1997) - A super deformed fighting game starring Street Fighter and Darkstalkers characters. In one of her combos, Chun-Li is dressed as Jill Valentine in her STARS outfit. Akuma's ending in the game also featured a scene in which he fights zombies dressed like those from the original Resident Evil.

Breath of Fire III (1998) - There is an enemy in Caer Xhan that is called "Plant 42".

Trick'N Snowboarder (1999) - A snowboarding sports game for the Sony PlayStation, featuring Leon, Claire, and a zombie cop from Resident Evil 2 as unlockable characters.

SNK vs. Capcom: Card Fighters Clash (1999) - A card game-based video game for the Neo Geo Pocket Color. Card Fighters Clash featured various trading cards based on Capcom and SNK games, including characters cards of Jill Valentine, Leon S. Kennedy, Claire Redfield, and a zombie from the series, as well as an Action Card called "Escape", which pictures Sherry Birkin fleeing from the mutant G. The mansion from the first game is adapted into a theme park attraction within the game, featuring various references to the series (including two characters named "Chris" and "Mikami"). The sequel (Card Fighters 2: Expand Edition) added two new character cards depicting Chris Redfield and Nemesis. The recent Card Fighters DS featured cards based on Ada Wong and Albert Wesker.

Marvel vs. Capcom 2 (2000) - A popular fighting game that has been ported to several home consoles, Marvel vs. Capcom 2 featured an extensive roster of characters from both Marvel Comics and Capcom. Resident Evil's Jill Valentine was one such character. She is armed with most of the weapons she equips in the original Resident Evil and can summon some of the enemy creatures of the series for special attacks, including the rocket launcher and Tyrant respectively. She also uses the game's herbs as a healing assist.

Mega Man Legends 2 (2000) - Depending on one's progress in the game; the general store will have a "Game Cartridge" item for sale. The game's title is "Resident Evil 43".

Under the Skin (2004) - One level in this sci-fi comedy PlayStation 2 game takes place in a parody of Raccoon City, and features several characters from Resident Evil 3: Nemesis, including Jill Valentine and Carlos Oliveira, as well as the Nemesis itself.

Namco x Capcom (2005) - A strategy RPG for the PlayStation 2. Bruce McGivern and Fong Ling from Resident Evil: Dead Aim are playable characters. In the game, Bruce teams up with Regina from the Dino Crisis game series & Fong Ling pairs with Hsien-Ko from the Darkstalkers game series.

Viewtiful Joe: Double Trouble! (2005) - Contains a level based on the Resident Evil series, featuring music and enemies from the games, and pictures of villains dressed as Jill, Carlos, Claire and Steve in the background.

Dead Rising (2006) - A Capcom game involving zombies. This game contains several Resident Evil references. The most obvious of these is a sandwich restaurant named Jill's Sandwiches in reference to Barry's line in the original Resident Evil.

"Bayonetta" (2009) - The weapons dealer, Rodin, references the Merchant from Resident Evil 4 by saying "Whadya Buyin'?" and goes on to say that he had heard it in a game. Also the character Luka references both Resident Evil and Devil May Cry by mentioning the names Claire and Trish.

See also

Sweet Home a game which was released only in Japan in 1989 for the Famicom, but was unofficially translated into English.

Alone in the Dark

Devil May Cry a game that was originally planned to be Resident Evil 4.

Dino Crisis - a similar series, from the same development team.

Onimusha - a series of Capcom games from the same development team.

List of video games featuring zombies

Genetic engineering in fiction

References

^ "Enter The Survival Horror... A Resident Evil Retrospective". Game Informer (174): 132-133. October 2007. 

^ "Press Release". CAPCOM. http://www.joystiq.com/2009/05/08/capcom-resident-evil-franchise-nears-40-million-units-sfii-sti/. Retrieved March 4, 2008. 

^ Game Informer (174): 132. October 2007. "The "multi-million dollar franchise...Capcom's largest" and "the original Resident Evil" is "one of the most important games of all time."". 

^ "Resident Evil for GameCube Review". GameSpot. April 29, 2002. http://www.gamespot.com/gamecube/action/residentevil/review.html. 

^ "Resident Evil Survivor Review". IGN. September 13, 2000. http://psx.ign.com/articles/163/163923p1.html. Retrieved January 27, 2006. 

^ "Resident Evil: Dead Aim Review". GameSpot. June 16, 2003. Archived from the original on 2005-02-08. http://web.archive.org/web/20050208233247/www.gamespot.com/ps2/action/residentevildeadaim/. 

^ "E3 2009: Resident Evil PSP Announced". IGN. June 2nd, 2009. http://psp.ign.com/articles/989/989522p1.html. 

^ "Resident Evil: Darkside Chronicles Confirmed for U.S. "Classics" in the franchise are also coming to Wii.". IGN. March 12, 2009. http://wii.ign.com/articles/961/961791p1.html. 

^ "Resident Evil 5: The Last Of Its Kind?". PSXExtreme. February 23, 2009. http://www.psxextreme.com/ps3-news/4663.html. Retrieved March 15, 2009. 

^ "Resident Evil 5 Blowout". 1Up.com. February 27, 2009. http://www.1up.com/do/minisite?cId=3172911. Retrieved March 15, 2009. 

^ Official Xbox Magazine (47): 114. June 2009. http://www.oxm.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-06-01. 

^ For example, the novel Underworld suggested that Raccoon City was destroyed during an accidental fire after the events of City of the Dead, whereas in Resident Evil 3 it is revealed that the city was destroyed by a nuclear missile launched by the government.

^ "Snake Heart" (in Japanese). http://wolfina.com/snake-heart/. 

^ "NYCC '09 - Wildstorm Panel with Jim Lee, Newsarama, February 7, 2009". http://www.newsarama.com/comics/090207-nycc09-widlstorm.html. 

^ "Resident Evil solicitations at DC Comics website.". http://www.dccomics.com/wildstorm/comics/?cm=11359. 

^ "IGN Presents: The Best of 2005". IGN. 2006. http://www.tnmc.org/gnews/residentevil.shtml. Retrieved January 28, 2006. 

^ "Top 100 Video Games of All Time". Electronic Gaming Monthly (200): 94. 

^ "Resident Evil Code: Veronica Review". GameCritics. April 11, 2000. http://www.gamecritics.com/review/re_veronica/main.php. Retrieved January 28, 2006. 

^ "Gametrailers' Top 10 Best Video Game Franchise". Gametrailers. January 7, 2005. http://cube.ign.com/articles/577/577841p4.html. Retrieved January 28, 2006. 

^ "Review of Resident Evil 4". IGN. January 7, 2005. http://www.gametrailers.com/video/top-ten-gt-countdown/17493. Retrieved January 28, 2006. 

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^ a b CAPCOM Platinum Titles

^ N4G.com : Resident Evil 5 Sells 5 million Copies

^ a b http://www.capcom.co.jp/ir/english/business/million.html

External links

Official Resident Evil website

Official Biohazard website

Resident Evil, an external wiki

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Resident Evil series

Main series

Resident Evil  Resident Evil 2  Resident Evil 3: Nemesis  Code: Veronica  Resident Evil Zero  Resident Evil 4  Resident Evil 5

Spine-off series

Survivor  Dead Aim  Outbreak  Outbreak: File #2  Umbrella Chronicles  Darkside Chronicles  Gaiden  Portable

Novels

Caliban Cove  City of the Dead  Underworld

Films

Resident Evil  Apocalypse   Extinction   Afterlife  Biohazard 4D-Executer  Degeneration

Characters

Ada Wong  Chris Redfield  Jill Valentine  Leon S. Kennedy  Nemesis  Alice  Red Queen and White Queen

Soundtracks

Biohazard Remix  Biohazard 2  Biohazard 2 Complete  Biohazard 3  Biohazard Code: Veronica Complete  Biohazard 5  Biohazard Outbreak  The Umbrella Chronicles  Symphony, Op. 91  Sound Chronicle

Universe

Raccoon City  Umbrella Corporation  Creatures  Viruses

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Franchises by Capcom

Ace Attorney  Breath of Fire  Darkstalkers  Dead Rising  Devil May Cry  Dino Crisis  Final Fight  Ghosts 'n Goblins  Lost Planet  Mega Man  Monster Hunter  Onimusha  Resident Evil  Rival Schools   Star Gladiator  Street Fighter  Strider Hiryu  Viewtiful Joe

Categories: Resident Evil | Video game franchisesHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from January 2009 | All articles needing additional references | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007

Craghoppers

China Product






Craghoppers is a British outdoor clothing manufacturer and supplier that was founded in West Yorkshire in 1965. According to their website, the company was set up by outdoor enthusiasts who were planning an expedition to climb Everest. They wanted gear which would withstand the harshest of conditions, so they researched and designed fabrics that would protect them from the extreme cold. They successfully reached the summit of Everest and set up an outdoor clothing company. hp photosmart b9180

The firm claim to be passionate about travel and to test their products on their travels. ricoh 1022

Craghoppers produce two catalogues a year - Spring/Summer and Autumn/Winter. Each catalogue has a certain theme and the photo-shoots are done in specific places. Each catalogue takes the form of a mini-travel guide as well as a clothing catalogue. rudder pedals

They have designed and promote the following technologies:

- Nosquito - clothing with insect repellent finish which lasts for 39 washes.

- Breathable fabrics.

- Solar-dry fabrics which give UV protection.

- Wash and wear fabrics - used for travel clothing where clothes dry overnight and needs no or minimal irnoning.

- Stretch fabric.

- Aquadry - used in their range of waterproof clothing.

- Lightweight clothing.

Many items of Craghoppers clothing have a hidden zippable security pocket.

Popular ranges include their fleeces, micro-fleeces, Kiwi shirts, Kiwi shorts and t-shirts (some of which use fairtrade cotton). They also produce luggage, soft shell jackets, down jackets and accessories such as caps and scarves. Their Kiwi walking trousers are extremely popular with ramblers.

Craghoppers have a range of clothing which contains the name of TV adventurer Bear Grylls who is a user of the brand.

Now owned by the Black family, who also own Regatta.

External links

Craghoppers official site

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Categories: Outdoor clothing brands | British brands | Companies based in Yorkshire | Leisure company stubsHidden categories: Orphaned articles from November 2009 | All orphaned articles | Articles that need to be wikified from November 2009 | All articles that need to be wikified