PlayStation Portable launch

China Product


Japanese launch

The first shipment of 200,000 PSP units was made available for purchase in Japan on December 12, 2004. All units were sold out within the first two days. Some users reported problems with the launch units, including dead pixels (discolored squares) within the screen and game discs ejecting abruptly if the system is twisted (the latter being restricted to the Japanese units from the initial launch). In Japan, Sony is offering to replace PSPs under warranty as normal, with the caveat that they do not consider a display to be faulty unless four faulty pixels are within 1 cm (0.39 in) of each other.

In Japan, two sales packs are available. The basic package contains the console, battery, and AC adaptor for 20,790 including tax (around US$193, 148, UK106). The "Value Pack" contains the console, battery, AC adaptor, 32MB Memory Stick Pro Duo, headphones with remote, slip-case, and wrist strap, for 26,040 including tax (around US$245, 192, UK133). rosary necklace

Japanese launch games diamond cross pendant

Armored Core: Formula Front (From Software) rosary bracelets

Mahjong Fight Club (Konami)

Minna no Golf Portable (known as Hot Shots Golf: Open Tee in North America) (SCE)

Lumines (Bandai)

Ridge Racers (Namco)

Vampire Chronicle: The Chaos Tower (Capcom)

North American launch

The PSP was released on March 24, 2005 in North America (the United States and Canada). The only package on sale is the Value Pack, identical to the Japanese release save for the inclusion of a UMD of preview videos and a cleaning cloth for $249.99 USD (200 or $299.99 CAD). Sony claimed it would have one million units available for sale in these territories by the end of the 20042005 fiscal year (ending March 31, 2005). In order to accommodate the large demand in North America the European release date was pushed back several months. In the US, the first million units included the movie Spider-Man 2 on UMD, free of charge. In Canada, PSP bundles were made available with Gretzky NHL (a Sony-developed hockey game).

North American launch games

Available at launch:

Title

Publisher

Ape Escape: On the Loose

SCEA

Darkstalkers Chronicle: The Chaos Tower

Capcom

Dynasty Warriors

Koei

Gretzky NHL

SCEA

Lumines

Ubisoft

Metal Gear Acid

Konami

NBA

SCEA

Need for Speed Underground: Rivals

Electronic Arts

NFL Street 2 Unleashed

Electronic Arts

Ridge Racer

Namco Bandai Games

Spider-Man 2

Activision

Tiger Woods PGA Tour

Electronic Arts

Tony Hawk's Underground 2 Remix

Activision

Twisted Metal: Head-On

SCEA

Untold Legends: Brotherhood of the Blade

Sony Online Entertainment

Wipeout Pure

SCEA

World Tour Soccer

SCEA

Available shortly thereafter:

Title

Publisher

Dead to Rights Reckoning

Namco Bandai Games

Midnight Club 3: DUB Edition

Rockstar Games

MVP Baseball

Electronic Arts

Smart Bomb

Eidos Interactive

Hot Shots Golf: Open Tee

SCEA

NBA Street Showdown

Electronic Arts

Rengoku: Tower of Purgatory

Konami

FIFA Soccer

Electronic Arts

ATV Offroad Fury : Blazin' Trails

SCEA

MLB

SCEA

Mercury

Ignition Entertainment

Ad Campaigns

In the US, several waves of TV commercials and other advertisements have been used to market the PSP. The first wave included TV commercials that featured the Franz Ferdinand song "Take Me Out", and a PSP user transforming into various things seen in PSP games and other media. The other TV commercial with this song in the background showed the PSP being used by different people, from the perspective of the PSP. The second wave included TV ads with various young people passing the PSP to one another across the screen, using the device for various purposes. The final, current TV ads are black and white animations featuring two eccentric squirrels interacting. The first of this wave's ads doesn't show the actual PSP, but compares the portable game device to a nut, which can be played outside a tree; similar ads consisting of dust balls,pussy willow, and rats.

Singaporean launch

The PSP was released in Singapore on 12 May, retailing at SGD$455 (217) for the Value Pack. There was no free Spider-Man 2 Video UMD included in the package. However, members are entitled to participate in a pre-order programme from 28 April to 3 May. The special pre-order package, retailing at SGD$499 (238), consists of a value pack, an extended 18 month warranty, a PSP "Goodie" Pack (PSP pouch, UMD case, handstraps and wristbands) and a pair of tickets to the Singapore PSP launch party on 5 May at renowned dance club, Zouk.

European launch

The PSP was released in Europe on 1 September, considerably later than releases in other territories. This, according to Sony press releases, was due to high demand for the system in other territoriesamely North America and Japan. Like the American launch, the Value Pack will be the only available package type, retailing for 179 or 249. An undisclosed number of users (on a "first come, first served" basis) will receive a free Spider-Man 2 Video UMD after registering their systems on SCEE's Your PSP web portal.

SCEE have been much maligned for the delayed launch in Europe and for issuing legal proceedings against small independent retailers selling imported consoles. SCEE argue that their Intellectual Property rights are being infringed, while some argue that SCEE claims are groundless. The PSP has been widely available in Europe prior to the official launch; retailer ElectricBirdLand Limited claims to have shipped several consoles to SCEE's own employees. ElectricBirdLand Limited have been issued with proceedings at the Royal Courts of Justice, SCEE and SCEI are seeking to enjoin them to prevent them from selling imported PSPs. ElectricBirdLand are represented by Managing Director Dan Morelle, they do not have legal representation.

At this time the PSP trademark is owned in the EEA by a small IT company based in Great Britain named OwtaNet Limited. It and several other key trademarks are currently disputed in the European Union, and it is unclear what impact this may or may not have on the launch of the PSP in Europe. Sony's current press releases no longer utilize the 'PSP' acronym. In Europe, the familiar PSP logo is accompanied by a "PlayStation Portable" logotype underneath in in-store marketing and on console (though not game) product boxes and manuals. Once the firmware is updated to v2.00, the PlayStation Portable logotype also appears on the PSP splash screen before a game is loaded.

August 8, 2005, just 3 weeks prior to the EU launch Lik Sang a Hong Kong based exporter of video games etc announced it was also being sued by Sony in Europe for Parallel importation of the PSP.

In the UK, PSP broke all previous sales records more than doubling the previous record-holder - the Nintendo DS - selling an enormous 185,000 units at launch.

The PlayStation Portable units in Europe are preloaded with 1.52 update but the 2.00 update can be found on the demo disk enabling many more features such as web browsing and backgrounds.

European launch games

Ape Academy

Archer Maclean's Mercury

Colin McRae Rally 2005

Darkstalkers Chronicle: The Chaos Tower

Dynasty Warriors

Fired Up

Blackburn Rovers' six fingered Golf

Kao Challengers

Lumines

MediEvil Resurrection

Metal Gear Acid

Midnight Club 3: DUB Edition

Need for Speed Underground: Rivals

Ridge Racer

Smart Bomb

Spider-Man 2

TOCA Race Driver 2

Tony Hawks Underground 2 Remix

Untold Legends: Brotherhood of the Blade

Virtua Tennis: World Tour

Wipeout Pure

World Snooker Championship 2005

World Tour Soccer: Challenge Edition

World Rally Championship

Note that this is not a complete list.

Australian and New Zealand launch

The PSP was released in Australia and New Zealand on September 1, 2005. In line with most of the launches, the only package available is the Value Pack, containing the usual contents and non-interactive demo UMD that also contains the 2.0 firmware update. It retails for AU$399.95 (244, US$248), after consumer anger led Sony to reduce the price from its original AU$429.95 (262, US$313).

As with the European launch, a copy of Spider-Man 2 on UMD Video will be available to early purchasers who register their PlayStation Portable through the Australia and New Zealand YourPSP web portals to the first 6,000 people to register.

See also

List of PlayStation Portable games

References

^ Launch titles on PlayStation.com

^ Titles released shortly after launch at PlayStation.com

^ Gibson, Ellie (2005-06-03). "Sony staff defy policy on import PSPs - Dan Morelle". http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=59501. Retrieved 2007-11-02. 

Categories: PlayStation Portable games

Saint Lucy

China Product


Life

Lucy's Latin name Lucia shares a root (luc-) with the Latin word for light, lux. "In 'Lucy' is said, the way of light" Jacobus de Voragine stated at the beginning of his vita of the Blessed Virgin Lucy, in Legenda Aurea, the most widely-read version of the Lucy legend in the Middle Ages.

Eutychia and Lucy at the Tomb of Saint Agatha, by Jacobello del Fiore inspection lamp

Because people wanted to shed light on Lucy's bravery, legends grew up, reported in the acta that are associated with her name. All the details are conventional ones also associated with other female martyrs of the early 4th century. Her Roman father died when she was young, leaving her and her mother without a protecting guardian. Her mother, Eutychia, had suffered four years with dysentery but Lucy had heard the renown of Saint Agatha, the patroness of Catania, "and when they were at a Mass, one read a gospel that made mention of a woman who was healed of the dysentery by touching of the hem of the coat of Jesus Christ," which, according to the Legenda Aurea, convinced her mother to pray together at Saint Agatha's tomb. They stayed up all night praying, until they fell asleep, exhausted. Saint Agatha appeared in a vision to Lucy and said, "Soon you shall be the glory of Syracuse, as I am of Catania." At that instant Eutychiaea was cured. puck lights

Eutychia had arranged a marriage for Lucy with a pagan bridegroom, but Lucy urged that the dowry be spent on alms so that she might retain her virginity. Euthychia suggested that the sums would make a good bequest, but Lucy countered, "...whatever you give away at death for the Lord's sake you give because you cannot take it with you. Give now to the true Savior, while you are healthy, whatever you intended to give away at your death." News that the patrimony and jewels were being distributed came to the ears of Lucy's betrothed, who heard from a chattering nurse that Lucy had found a nobler Bridegroom. led icicle lights

Her rejected pagan bridegroom denounced Lucy as a Christian to the magistrate Paschasius, who ordered her to burn a sacrifice to the emperor's image. Lucy replied that she had given all that she had: "I offer to Him myself, let Him do with His offering as it pleases Him." Sentenced to be defiled in a brothel, Lucy asserted:

No one's body is polluted so as to endanger the soul if it has not pleased the mind. If you were to lift my hand to your idol and so make me offer against my will, I would still be guiltless in the sight of the true God, who judges according to the will and knows all things. If now, against my will, you cause me to be polluted, a twofold purity will be gloriously imputed to me. You cannot bend my will to your purpose; whatever you do to my body, that cannot happen to me.

The Christian tradition states that when the guards came to take her away they found her so filled with the Holy Spirit that she was as stiff and heavy as a mountain; they could not move her even when they hitched her to a team of oxen. Even after implanting a dagger through her throat she prophesied against her persecutor. As a final torture, her eyes were gouged out. She was miraculously still able to see without her eyes. In paintings St. Lucy is frequently shown holding her eyes on a golden plate.

Legend

Statue of St. Lucy at Saint Leonard of Port Maurice Church in the North End of Boston

Jacobus de Voragine did not include the episode of Lucy's passion that has been most vivid to her devots ever since the Middle Ages: having her eyes torn out. It should be noted that another account dates this loss of eyes to before her martyrdom, claiming that in response to a suitor who admired her beautiful eyes, "she cut them out and sent them to him, asking to be left in peace thereafter." Lucy was represented in Gothic art holding a dish with two eyes on it (illustration above). The legend concludes with God restoring Lucy's eyes.

Dante also mentions Lucia in Inferno Canto II as the messenger "of all cruelty the foe" sent to Beatrice from "The blessed Dame" (Divine Mercy), to rouse Beatrice to send Virgil to Dante's aid. She has instructed Virgil to guide Dante through Hell and Purgatory. Lucia is only referenced indirectly in Virgil's discourse within the narrative and doesn't appear; the reasons for her appearing in this intermediary role are still somewhat unclear to scholars, although doubtless Dante had some allegorical end in mind, perhaps having Lucy as a figure of Illuminating Grace or Mercy or even Justice. Nonetheless Dante obviously regarded Lucia with great reverence, placing her opposite Adam within the Mystic Rose in Canto XXXII of the Paradiso.

In Mark Musa's translation of Dante's Purgatorio, it is noted that Lucy was admired by an undesirable suitor for her beautiful eyes. To stay chaste she plucked out her own eyes, a great sacrifice for which God gave her a pair of even more beautiful eyes. It is said in Sweden that to vividly celebrate St. Lucy's Day will help him/her live the long winter days with enough light.

Lucy's name also played a large part in naming Lucy as a patron saint of the blind and those with eye-trouble. She was the patroness of Syracuse in Sicily, Italy.

Relics

Sigebert (1030-1112), a monk of Gembloux, in his sermo de Sancta Lucia, chronicled that her body lay undisturbed in Sicily for 400 years, before Faroald II, Duke of Spoleto, captured the island and transferred the body to Corfinium in the Abruzzo, Italy. From there it was removed by the Emperor Otho I in 972 to Metz and deposited in the church of St. Vincent. It was from this shrine that an arm of the saint was taken to the monastery of Luitburg in the Diocese of Spires - an incident celebrated by Sigebert himself in verse.

The subsequent history of the relics is not clear. On their capture of Constantinople in 1204, the French found some relics attributed to Saint Lucy in the city, and Enrico Dandolo, Doge of Venice, secured them for the monastery of St. George at Venice. In 1513 the Venetians presented to Louis XII of France the saint's head, which he deposited in the cathedral church of Bourges. Another account, however, states that the head was brought to Bourges from Rome where it had been transferred during the time when the relics rested in Corfinium. The remainder of the relics remain in Venice: they were transferred to the church of San Geremia when the church of Santa Lucia was demolished in the 19th century to make way for the new railway terminus. A century later, on 7 November 1981, thieves stole all her bones, except her head. Police recovered them five weeks later, on her feast day. Other parts of the corpse have found their way to Rome, Naples, Verona, Lisbon, Milan, as well as Germany and France.

Lucia procession in Sweden.

Popular celebration

Main article: Saint Lucy's Day

As her brief day brings the longest night of the year by the old reckoning, John Donne's poem, "A Nocturnal upon St. Lucie's Day, being the shortest day", begins with: "'Tis the year's midnight, and it is the day's," and expresses, in a mourning piece, the withdrawal of the world-spirit into sterility and darkness, where "The world's whole sap is sunk." .

This timing, and her name meaning light, is a factor in the particular devotion to St. Lucy in Scandinavian countries, where young girls dress as the saint in honor of the feast. A special devotion to St. Lucy is present in the North Eastern regions of Italy.

List of dedications to St. Lucy

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

St. Lucy's Church (New York City) (parish established 1900, present church built 1915)

St. Lucy's Church, Newark, New Jersey

Church of St. Lucy, Santa Luija, Gozo, Kerem, Malta

References

^ Traditional dates as given in Catholic Encyclopedia, s.v. "Lucy, Saint".

^ a b http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09414a.htm

^ Noted by Blunt 1885.

^ http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09414a.htm; supplementing the fourteenth-century synthesis of legendary material in Legenda Aurea, Sigebert of Gembloux's mid-eleventh century passio, written to support a local cult of Lucy at Metz, is edited by Tino Licht, Acta Sanctae Luciae (Universittsverlag Winter) 2007 along with a historicizing tractate and a sermon.

^ Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 139

^ "We know nothing of St. Lucy, as the sole authority for her story is her fabulous 'Acts', a Christian romance similar to the 'Acts' of other virgin martyrs", wrote John Henry Blunt (The Annotated Book of Common Prayer, [London] 1885:176), adding "though probably based on facts".

^ a b "lfric's Lives of Saints". (Walter W. Skeat, ed., Early English Text Society, original series, vols. 76, 82, 94, 114 [London, 1881-1900], revised; as found at the University of Virginia's Old English resource pages). http://www.engl.virginia.edu/OE/aelfric/lucy.html. Retrieved 20 June 2007. 

^ ""St. Lucy's Day" article". At the "School of the Seasons" website. http://www.schooloftheseasons.com/lucy.html. Retrieved 20 June 2007. 

^ See David H. Higgins' commentary in Dante, The Divine Comedy, trans. C.H. Sisson. NY: Oxford University Press, 1993. ISBN 019920960X. P. 506.

^ "Santa Lucia of the gondoliers brought home to Sicily", 17 December 2004.

External links

Jacobus de Voragine, Legenda Aurea: St. Lucy (e-text, in English)

"Cara Santa Lucia..." (Italian)

"St. Lucy" from New Advent's Catholic Encyclopedia.

Representetions of Saint Lucy

Categories: 283 births | 304 deaths | Italian saints | Sicilian saints | 3rd-century Romans | 4th-century Romans | Saints of the Golden Legend | 4th-century Christian female saints | 4th-century Christian martyr saints | Anglican saintsHidden categories: Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters | Incomplete lists

Barsom

China Product


Physical characteristics

Material

In present-day use, the barsom is a bundle of short metal wires or rods, each about 20cm in length and made of brass or silver. fava beans

The use of metal wires or rods is a relatively recent development: Until at least the 16th century, the barsom was made of twigs or stems, and there was an elaborate ritual surrounding their collection. There is no indication in scripture or older tradition as to which plant was to be used, and Yasna 25.3 eulogizes the plant without being specific. navy beans

One indication of which plant was used comes from the 16th century, where the authors of the Rivayat epistles reprimand their Indian co-religionists for not using twigs of the tamarisk (R. 329). The twigs of the pomegranate tree also figure in other late sources. Strabo (XV.3.14) speaks of "a bundle of slender myrtle rods." cannellini beans

Dimensions

Both scripture and tradition are precise with respect to the dimensions of the twigs required. Yasna 57.5 mandates that each twig shall not exceed "the height of the knee," and Vendidad 19.19 (supported by the Nirangistan) requires each rod to be at most the length of an aesha and the thickness of the width of a yava. Darmesteter translates aesha as "ploughshare" and yava as barley-corn. A twig/rod was thus at most about 7mm thick. The Nirangstan further adds that the thickness may not be less than that of a human hair.

The barsom that appears in Achaemenid and Sassanid art "was of impressive size, about 45 cm (1 ft) long, made up apparently of stiff straight rods."

Number

The number of twigs/rods depends on the ritual being performed, and the Shayast-na Shayast (14.2) unambiguously states that this number must be adhered to. A recitation of the Yasna liturgy is accompanied by a bundle of 21 twigs, with two others being placed by the side of another ritual implement. The Vendidad requires 33 twigs in the bundle with two other placed as for the Yasna. A recitation of the Visperad requires 35 twigs, with none left over. The number similarly varies for other rituals, all of these however only requiring between 3 and 15 twigs.

Binding

In present-day use, and with only one exception, the rods remain unbound. The one exception is the baj ceremony for the dead, towards the end of which the baresman bundle is bound with a strip of a leaf of a Date Palm.

Use in ritual

In ritual, the barsom bundle is either held in the left hand, or placed across a pair of metallic stands about 20cm in height, with one stand at each end of the bundle. These stands have a crescent-shaped brace at the top, so (also) preventing the rods from rolling off. The crescent shape gives them their name, mah-rui, literally "moon-faced." Dadestan-i Denig 48.17 states the stands must be of metal.

A barsom has no immediate practical purpose. At Zoroastrian ritual it represents plant creation, accompanying the other symbolic tokens that represent other facets of creation, and each of which then also represent the presence of an Amesha Spenta at the ritual. In the case of the barsom, it is Ameretat "immortality." The crescent-shaped brace of the barsom stand is likewise identified with vegetation: mah, the moon, is in Zoroastrian scripture and tradition the cosmogonical protector of plants and encourages their growth. "The object of holding the barsom and repeating prayers is to praise the Creator for the support accorded by nature and for the gift of the produce of the earth, which supplies the means of existence to the human and the animal world. The object of selecting the barsom from the twigs of a tree is to take it as a representative of the whole vegetable kingdom, for which benedictions and thanks to the Creator are offered, and there is further proof to show that the performance of the barsom ritual is intended to express gratitude to the Creator for His boundless gifts."

The barsom is also held by a priest during the abbreviated Yasna recitation before meals. An episode of the Shahnameh recalls that when Yazdegerd III (the last Sassanid emperor, but like his forefathers, also a priest) was in hiding, his request for a barsom gave him away to the enemy.

In Zoroastrian tradition, the second chapter of the Yasna liturgy is named the Barsom Yasht. As a part of the liturgy, it is not however part of the Yasht collection. In the Avesta categorization of Kellens, Yasna 2 - the Barsom Yasht - complements the other 7 of the first 8 Yasna chapters, the purpose of the 8-chapter set being an invitation of the divinities to the ceremony. After Yasna 1's initial invitation of Ahura Mazda, the Amesha Spentas and the remaining yazatas, the baresman and libation are presented to them in Yasna 2.

References

Notes

a) ^ 

Boyce, Z2, pp. 38-39: "Three representations of men carrying similar bundles of rods have been identified on Assyrian and Urartian objects of the eight and early seventh centuries BCE and it seems possible that the magi of western Iran, having come to dwell in a wooded land, allowed themselves to be influenced so far by the cultic usages of their Zagrosian neighbours that they adopted these long rods for their own baresman."

n. 145: P. Clameyer, "Barsombuendel im 8. und 9. Jahrhundert v. Chr.", Wandlungen, Studien zur antiken und neueren Kunst E. Homann-Wedeking gewidmet, Waldsassen-Bayern 1975, 11-5. The examples which he cites are those published by R. D. Barnett, Survey XIV (1967) 3002 fig. 1063; H. J. Kellner, Situla (Ljubljana) 1974, 14/15, 50 Taf. 3; and C. Lehmann-Haupt, Armenien Einst und Jetzt I, 1910, 261 (Abb.), cf. M. van Loon, Urartian Art, 1966, 153 f., fig. 18 E 5.

References

^ Kanga 1989, p. 825.

^ Boyce 1982, pp. 38-39.

^ a b Boyce 1982, p. 38.

^ Dhabhar 1932, p. 327.

^ West 1882, p. 165.

^ Kanga 1989, p. 826.

^ Modi 1922, p. 280.

^ Skjrv 1989, p. 827.

^ Kellens 1989, p. 37.

Works cited

Boyce, Mary (1982), The History of Zoroastrianism, 2, Leiden: Brill 

Dhabar, Bamanji Nusserwanji (1932), The Persian Rivayats of Hormazyar Framarz and others, Bombay: K. R. Cama Oriental Institute 

Kanga, M. F. (1989), "Barsom", Encyclopedia Iranica, 3.8, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 825827 

Kellens, Jean (1989), "Avesta", Encyclopaedia Iranica, 3, New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, pp. 3544 

Modi, Jivanji Jamshedji (1922), Religious Ceremonies and Customs of the Parsees, Bombay: British India Press, pp. 277286 

Skjrv, Prods Oktor (1989), "Barsom Yat", Encyclopedia Iranica, 3.8, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 827 

West, Edward William (1882), Mller, Max, ed., Pahlavi Texts 2 (Sacred Books of the East, vol. 18), Oxford: OUP 

Categories: Zoroastrian ritualsHidden categories: Articles containing Avestan language text

Cleanroom Software Engineering

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Central principles

The basic principles of the Cleanroom process are

Software development based on formal methods baby disposable diapers

Cleanroom development makes use of the Box Structure Method to specify and design a software product. Verification that the design correctly implements the specification is performed through team review. sanitary towel

Incremental implementation under statistical quality control huggies baby diapers

Cleanroom development uses an iterative approach, in which the product is developed in increments that gradually increase the implemented functionality. The quality of each increment is measured against pre-established standards to verify that the development process is proceeding acceptably. A failure to meet quality standards results in the cessation of testing for the current increment, and a return to the design phase.

Statistically sound testing

Software testing in the Cleanroom process is carried out as a statistical experiment. Based on the formal specification, a representative subset of software input/output trajectories is selected and tested. This sample is then statistically analyzed to produce an estimate of the reliability of the software, and a level of confidence in that estimate.

References

^ Mills, H.; M. Dyer and R. Linger (September 1987). "Cleanroom Software Engineering". IEEE Software 4 (5): 1925. doi:10.1109/MS.1987.231413. 

^ Foreman, John (2005). "Cleanroom Software Engineering Reference". Software Technology Roadmap. Software Engineering Institute (SEI). http://www.sei.cmu.edu/library/abstracts/reports/96tr022.cfm. Retrieved 2006-04-27. 

^ Guy H. Broadfoot and P. J. Hopcroft (2005). Introducing formal methods into industry using Cleanroom and CSP. Dedicated Systems e-Magazine. http://www.realtime-info.be/Magazine/emagazine/fulltext/2005Q1_1.pdf. Retrieved 2006-04-27. 

Further reading

Stavely, Allan (1999). Toward Zero-Defect Programming. Addison-Wesley. 

Stacy J. Prowell and Carmen J. Trammell and Richard C. Linger and Jesse H. Poore (1999). Cleanroom Software Engineering: Technology and Process. Addison-Wesley. 

Jesse H. Poore and Carmen J. Trammell (1996). Cleanroom Software Engineering: A Reader. NCC Blackwell. 

External links

An introduction

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Software engineering

Fields

Requirements analysis System analysis Software design Computer programming Formal methods Software testing Software deployment Software maintenance

Concepts

Data modeling Enterprise architecture Functional specification Modeling language Programming paradigm Software Software architecture Software development methodology Software development process Software quality Software quality assurance Structured analysis

Orientations

Agile Aspect-oriented Object orientation Ontology Service orientation SDLC

Models

Development models: Agile Iterative model RUP Scrum Spiral model Waterfall model XP V-Model

Other models: Automotive SPICE CMMI Data model Function model Information model Metamodeling Object model Systems model View model

Modeling languages: IDEF UML

Software

engineers

Kent Beck Grady Booch Fred Brooks Barry Boehm Ward Cunningham Ole-Johan Dahl Tom DeMarco Martin Fowler C. A. R. Hoare Watts Humphrey Michael A. Jackson Ivar Jacobson Craig Larman James Martin Bertrand Meyer David Parnas Winston W. Royce James Rumbaugh Niklaus Wirth Edward Yourdon

Related fields

Computer science Computer engineering Enterprise engineering History Management Mathematics Project management Quality management Software ergonomics Systems engineering

This software engineering-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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Categories: Software development process | Software quality | Software engineering stubs

Fest

China Product




Fest may refer to:

Look up fest or -fest in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. rollformer

Joachim Fest (1926 - 2006), German historian and journalist. clay brick making machine

The term Fest can mean: cold roll forming

Fest is a type of festival.

Fest is an Edinburgh Festival review magazine

Fest is a fictional planet within the Star Wars galaxy.

The abbreviation FEST can stand for

FEST (Faculty of Moscow State Forest University)

FEST is a testing framework, Fixtures for Easy Software Testing

FEST is also a name of the Belgrade film festival

Fest is also the Danish/German/Norwegian/Swedish word for party.

FEST (Annual film festival in Belgrade, Serbia)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title.

If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Categories: Disambiguation pagesHidden categories: All article disambiguation pages | All disambiguation pages

Weatherstripping

China Product


Automotive weatherstripping

Automobiles have weatherstripping on all openings between interior and exterior locations. Consider a standard 4 door vehicle: the doors may require 20 feet or more per door depending on the size of the opening. Windows will require upwards of 10 feet. Trunks require large amounts. Automotive weatherstipping has added difficulties that must be considered in the engineering of the parts. For example, the weatherstrip must function equally at keeping rain out when the vehicle is parked as when it is screaming down the autobahn. Automotive weatherstripping must endure extreme temperatures (hot and cold); be resistant to automotive liquids such as oil, gasoline, and particularly windshield washerfluid; and must resist years of full sun exposure. Automobile designers wish to have design continuity: all weatherseals should appear the same. This is a problem as they will likely be manufactured of different materials by different manufacturers. Likely the most significant issue is that of noise. After paint quality, interior noise is the second most important factor in car quality as perceived by the consumer. When automobiles go over bumps the car flexs and vibrates causing relative motions between the relatively fixed body and movable parts like doors, windows, and sunroofs. This movement could allow water in the vehicle so the weatherstrip must compensate by filling the gap. What is worse, this relative movement can cause noises such as squeaks, rattles, and itches to be heard within the vehicle. Many of these issues can be alleviated if the weatherstrip manufacturer coats the weatherstrip with specialty coatings. These coatings bond to the weatherstrip, provide chemical and UV resistance, decrease the coefficient of friction reducing the force required to open or close doors, and reduce or eliminate noise associated with weatherstripping. Not all vehicles have coated weatherstripping which means the weatherstripping is much more likely to cause the above mentioned issues along with others such as premature failure of the paint causing rusting. This is a very surprising situation given that the cost of the coating is less than 1 to 3 dollars per vehicle whereas the rubber and steel is tens of dollars (an entire car set of weatherstripping may be worth 100 to 300 dollars in the total cost of the vehicle which includes all labour and costs of the manufacturing equipement).

Automotive weatherstripping is commonly made of EPDM, TPE, TPO. Sunroof weatherstripping can also be made of silicone due to the extreme heat that parts on automobile roofs commonly encounter. Coatings for weatherstripping must adhere to all of these weatherstrip materials. Such coatings are commonly available (silicone is very difficult to adhere to, however at least one coating is commercially available for this purpose), however, like other paints and coatings, a large variety coatings are available and these have a large variety of coating performances. Poorly performing weatherstripping should be reported to the car dealership if the vehicle is under warranty as fixes may be known. upvc windows and doors

Weatherstripping in buildings awning windows

The materials used in weatherstripping are thresholds, a piece of material, either a sweep or a J-hook, to match the door to the threshold, and the actual weathstripping itself. japanese roof tile

Every exterior door, or door to an uninsulated room such as an attic, must be weatherstripped as required by code enforcement in various states of U.S. Doors can usually be divided into private homes and commercial properties. Some of these doors receive custom weatherstripping at the factory.

Custom weatherstripping

Custom weatherstripping, contrary to pre-weatherstripped units, require much more time and is considered to be a specialized skill.

Weatherstrippers install a threshold, cut the door and install a sweep or J-hook to the bottom of the door, and nail spring-steel bronze into the door jamb to seal the gap.

Pre-Weatherstripped doors

Pre-weatherstripped doors for private homes are usually made of fiberglass or a similar material and are shipped from the factory weatherstripped, hence the re-weatherstripped. The doors have a [kerf] in the door stop so that a foam, rubber, or vinyl strip can be placed inside for the door to rest against when closed. These doors also have the threshold - usually a molded piece of plastic - nailed to the frame in the factory. These units are not difficult to install and require very little skill for a trim carpenter where a weather-stripper is required for custom weatherstripping.

Categories: Architectural elements

Philosophy of technology

China Product


History

Considered under the rubric of the Greek term techne (art, or craft knowledge), the philosophy of technology goes to the very roots of Western philosophy.

In his Republic, Plato sees techne as the basis for the philosophers' proper rule in the city. tube bending equipment

In the Nicomachean Ethics (Book 6), Aristotle describes techne as one of the four ways that we can know about the world. cnc bender

The Stoics argued that virtue is a kind of techne based upon a proper understanding of the universe. hydraulic servo

20th century development

Whereas 19th Century philosophers such as Karl Marx were philosophically interested in tools and techniques, the most prominent 20th century philosophers to directly address modern technology were John Dewey and Martin Heidegger. Although both saw technology as central to modern life, (to speak roughly) Dewey was optimistic about the role of technology, while Heidegger was slightly more pessimistic. This is an oversimplification, however, as Heidegger can be seen as critical but open to technology. To Heidegger, technology's essence, Gestell or Enframing, is both the greatest danger and the greatest possibility for humankind. Dewey's work on technology was dispersed throughout his corpus, while Heidegger's major work on technology may be found in The Question Concerning Technology.

In the 1960s, Marshall McLuhan became a major radical voice in the field, with such works as the bestseller The Medium is the Message, as well as The Gutenberg Galaxy and Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man.

Contemporary philosophy

Contemporary philosophers with an interest in technology include Jean Baudrillard, Albert Borgmann, Andrew Feenberg, Langdon Winner, Donna Haraway, Avital Ronell, Don Ihde, Bruno Latour, Paul Levinson, Carl Mitcham, Leo Marx, Gilbert Simondon, Jacques Ellul and Bernard Stiegler.

While a number of important individual works were published in the second half of the twentieth century, Paul Durbin has identified two books published at the turn of the century as marking the development of the philosophy of technology as an academic subdiscipline with canonical texts ; these were Technology and the Good Life (2000), edited by Eric Higgs, Andrew Light, and David Strong and American Philosophy of Technology (2001) by Hans Achterhuis.

The development that recognised as a three stage (of Auguste Comte) is considered as a result of development of thinking and accumulation of philosophical achievements, by M. I. Sanduk . For Sanduk, the new development in science applications and sciences obstructions, led to philosophy of technology; so philosophy of technology may be the fourth stage of philosophy. This new philosophy has its logic that can not work without it.

Technology and neutrality

With improvements in technology comes progress and a great concern over its shadowing effect on society. Leila Green uses recent gun massacres such as 'the Port Arthur Massacre' and the 'Dunblane Massacre' to bring out the concepts of technological determinism and social determinism. Technological determinism argues that 'it was features of technology that determined its use and the role of a progressive society was to adapt to [and benefit from]technological change.'[Green, Leila (2001) Technoculture, Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest, p 2.]. The alternative perspective would be social determinism which looks upon society being at fault for the 'development and deployment'[Green, Leila (2001) Technoculture, Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest, p 3] of technologies. The reactions to the gun massacres were different in various regions, Tasmanian authorities made gun laws even stricter than before, while there was a demand in the US for the advocacy of fire arms. And here lies the split, both in opinion and in social dimension. According to Green, a technology can be thought of as a neutral entity only when the soci-cultural context and issues circulating the specific technology are removed, it will be then visible to us that there lies a relationship of social groups and power provided through the possession of technologies.

See also

Critique of technology

Ethics of technology

History of technology

Industrial sociology

Philosophy of engineering

Technological evolution

Theories of technology

References

^ Techn Vol 7 No 1

^ M. I. Sanduk, Is Philosophy of Technology a Fourth Stage of Comte's Philosophy development?, http://philpapers.org/profile/8751

Further reading

Joseph Agassi. (1985). Technology: Philosophical and Social Aspects, Episteme, Dordrecht: Kluwer. ISBN 90-277-2044-4.

Hans Achterhuis. (2001). American Philosophy of Technology Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-33903-4

Jan Kyrre Berg Olsen and Evan Selinger. (2006). Philosophy of Technology: 5 Questions. New York: Automatic Press / VIP,

Jan Kyrre Berg Olsen, Stig Andur Pedersen and Vincent F. Hendricks. (2009). A Companion to the Philosophy of Technology. Wiley-Blackwell.

Borgmann, Albert. (1984). Technology and the Character of Contemporary Life. University of Chicago Press.

Ellul, Jacques. (1964). The Technological Society. Vintage Books.

Feenberg, Andrew. (1999). Questioning Technology. Routledge Press.

Heidegger, Martin. (1977). The Question Concerning Technology. Harper and Row.

Hickman, Larry. (1992). John Dewey's Pragmatic Technology. Indiana University Press.

Eric Higgs, Andrew Light and David Strong. (2000). Technology and the Good Life. Chicago University Press.

David M. Kaplan, ed. (2004). Readings in the Philosophy of Technology. Rowman & Littlefield.

Manuel de Landa War in the Age of Intelligent Machines. (1991). Zone Books. ISBN 978-0942-29975-5.

Levinson, Paul. (1988). Mind at Large: Knowing in the Technological Age. JAI Press.

Lyotard, Jean-Franois. (1984). The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. University of Minnesota Press.

McLuhan, Marshall.

The Gutenberg Galaxy. (1962). Mentor.

Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. (1964). McGraw Hill.

Mitcham, Carl. (1994). Thinking Through Technology. University of Chicago Press.

Nye, David. (2006). Technology Matters. The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-64067-1

Scharff, Robert C. and Val Dusek eds. (2003). Philosophy of Technology: The Technological Condition. An Anthology. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-22219-4

Seemann, Kurt. (2003). Basic Principles in Holistic Technology Education. Journal of Technology Education, V14.No.2.

Simondon, Gilbert.

Du mode d'existence des objets techniques. (1958). (French)

L'individu et sa gense physico-biologique (l'individuation la lumire des notions de forme et d'information), (1964). Paris PUF (French)

Stiegler, Bernard, (1998). Technics and Time, 1: The Fault of Epimetheus. Stanford University Press.

Winner, Langdon. (1977). Autonomous Technology. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262-23078-0

Leila Green. (2001). Technoculture. Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest pp 120.

External links

Journals

Ends and Means

NetFuture - Technology and Human Responsibility

Techn: Research in Philosophy and Technology

Websites

"Philosophy of Technology" article by Maarten Franssen, Gert-Jan Lokhorst, Ibo van de Poel in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Society for Philosophy and Technology

Essays on the Philosophy of Technology compiled by Frank Edler

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